Basic concepts of chemistry:  Classification and nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory: Concept of elements, atoms and molecules. Atomic and molecular masses and mole concept percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula, Atomic structure:  Fundamental particles, Discovery of electron, proton and neutron, atomic number, isotopes and isobars, Thompson’s model and its limitations, Rutherford and Bohr model of atom and limitations, concepts of shells and sub shells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg principle, Quantum numbers, shapes of orbital’s rules for filling electrons in orbital’s Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion and Hund’s rule and electronic configurations of elements, stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals. Classification of elements and periodicity in properties:  Brief History of the development of the periodic table, Modern periodic law, Mendeleev’s and modern periodic table, types of elements: s, p, d, f-block elements, periodic trends in properties; Atomic Radii, ionic radii, ionization energy and electron affinity and electro negativity, inert gas radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, Chemical bonding and molecular structure:  Valence electrons, Ionic bond, bond parameters, Covalent bond, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, Valence bond theory, Resonance, VSEPR theory, Concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shape of some simple molecules. Molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only), hydrogen bond. States of matter: Three  states of matter, Role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle’s Law, Charles law, Gay lussac’s law, Avogadro’s Law, Ideal behavior, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogardro’s number, ideal gas equation,. Derivation from ideal behaviour,kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea) s-Block elements:  General Introduction, occurrence, electronic configuration, diagonal relationship, trends in physical and chemical properties, such as ionization energy, atomic radii, trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens. p-block elements: Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties,sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only). Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties;uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures only). Group 18 elements: (General introduction, electronic configuration, Oxidation state, Occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses. d-and f-Block Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation state, characteristics of transition metals, metallic character, ionization enthalpy, , ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds. Lanthanides-electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanide contraction.

Actinides: Electronic configuration, oxidation states. Coordination chemistry:  Coordination compounds  introduction, ligands, coordination number,IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. bonding; Werner’s theory, VBT, CFT, isomerism. General principles and processes of Isolation of Elements: Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining, occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and Iron. Hydrogen:   Position of hydrogen in periodic table, Occurrence, Isotopes, Preparation, properties, and uses of hydrogen, hydrides-ionic, covalent and interstitial, physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen as a fuel.

Practical: Introduction about basic laboratory techniques, crystallization of impure samples copper sulfate, alum, Quantitaive estimation: Preparation of a standard solution of oxalic acid, Determination of strength of a given solution of sodium hydroxide by titrating it against standard solution of oxalic acid, determination of molarity and strength of potassium permanganate solution by titrating it with standard solution of Mohr’s salt, Determination of strength of a given solution of hydrochloric acid by titrating it against standard sodium carbonate solution. Chemical equilibrium: Study of shift in equilibrium between ferric ions and thiocyanate ions. Qualitative analysis: Determination of one anion and one cation in a given salt: Cations: Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn3+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+.Anions: Co32-, S2-, SO32-, SO42-, NO2–,NO3–, Cl–, Br–, I–, PO43-, C2O42-, CH3COO–.

Chem.93

Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry

Solid state:  Structure of ionic solids, close packed structure, classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, points defects, electrical and magnetic properties imperfections in solids and silicates. Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators  and n and p type semi-conductors. Solutions:  Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, vapour pressure of solutions, Raoult’s law, colligative properties; relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass and non-ideal solutions. Vant Hoff factor. Chemical energetic and laws of thermodynamics:  Concept of system and its types, surrounding, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, first Law of thermodynamics, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Heat capacity, specific heat, measurement of ΔU and ΔH, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, Enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution,  Introduction to entropy as a state function, Gibb’s free energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, criteria for equilibrium, second law of thermodynamics, third law of thermodynamics (brief introduction). Chemical equilibrium:  Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, Law of mass action, Equilibrium  constant, factors affecting equilibrium- Le Chatelier’s principle, Ionic Equilibrium, Ionization of acids and bases, Strong and weak electrolytes, Degree of Ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, Concept of pH, Henderson equation, Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), Buffer solutions, Solubility product, Common ion effects (with illustrative examples). Redox reactions:  Oxidation and reduction, oxidation number and redox reactions in aqueous solution. Balancing redox reactions, Application of redox reactions. Chemical kinetics:  Rate of reactions (average and instantaneous), order and molecularity of reactions; factors affecting rate of reactions; concentration, temperature, catalyst; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)photochemical reactions and mechanism of reactions. Nuclear Chemistry:  Natural radioactivity – discovery and historical development, Radioactivity, nuclear structure and properties, radioactive disintegration series, nuclear fusion and fission, group displacement law and nuclear reaction, rate of radioactive disintegration, artificial transmutation, breeder reactor, transuranic elements and applications. Synthetic and natural polymers:  Classification, preparation and properties of natural and synthetic polymers and application of polymers. Surface chemistry:  Concept of adsorption, physical and chemical; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids;  colloids; preparation and properties, colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophilic, lyophobic, multimolecular and macromolecular colloids, Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, catalysis, homogenous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity, enzyme catalysis; electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsions types of emulsions. Electrochemistry: Redox reactions, conductance in electrolyte solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variation of conductance with concentration, Kohlrausch’s law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea) dry cells – electrolytic cells and galvanic cells, lead accumulators, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its applications to chemical cells, fuel cells, corrosion, relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell.

Practical: Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sol, determination of enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base, Determination of enthalpy change during interaction between acetone and chloroform, Enthalpy of dissolution of copper sulfate or potassium nitrate, study of rate of  Reaction between potassium iodate, KlO3 and sodium sulphite : using starch solution as indicator, rate of reaction of ester hydrolysis, determination of molarity and strength of potassium permaganate solution by titrating it with standard solution of oxalic acid,  determination of conductance of ions in a given sample, determination of  refractive index of given liquids, determination of pH of given liquids using pH paper, universal indicator and pH meter,  study of adsorption of oxalic acid on activated charcoal, study the viscosity and surface tension of the given liquids, determine the temporary and permanent hardness of water.

Atomic structure, Rutherford’s model and Bohr’s atomic model, Quantum mechanical concept of atomic structure. Concept of orbitals, their shapes, Quantum numbers. Chemical bonding including ionic, covalent and co-ordinate bonds. Trivial and modern periodic table studies. Chemical energetics. Chemical equilibrium. Chemical kinetics; rate of reaction and order of reaction. Acids, bases, salts, pH, common ion effect, buffer solutions, their preparation and use in intracellular fluids. Hydrolysis of salts of strong acid and strong base, strong acid and weak base, weak acid and strong base, weak acid and weak base and solubility product. Elementary ideas about colloids, surface chemistry and catalysis, electrochemistry. Corrosion, its electrochemical theory and its prevention. 

Practical: Analysis of a single salt. Volumetric analysis, involving acid-alkali titration and redox titration. Determination of pH and electrical conductivity. Heat of neutralization.

Introduction to organic chemistry. IUPAC nomenclature of carbon compounds and their isomerism in carbon compounds, hybridization, sp3 , sp2 and sp, their shapes and angles, explanation of acidity of alkynes. Preparation and properties of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, aliphatic aldehydes and ketones, aliphatic carboxylic acids and their derivatives and aliphatic amines. Introduction to aromatic compounds. Structure of benzene, aromatic hydrocarbons, preparation and properties of benzene, aryl halides, phenol, aniline, benzene sulfonic acid, benzaldehyde, acetophenone, benzoic acid. Chemistry of esters, amides, acid chlorides, cyanides and isocyanides, An introduction to substitution and elimination reaction, carbocations, carbanions and free radicals.  

Practical: Detection of elements. Tests for functional groups. Determination of melting and boiling points. Preparation of dyes, soap and detergent.

Chem.201 

Organic Chemistry

Phase rule and its application to one and two component systems. Fuels: classification, calorific value. Colloids: classification and properties. Corrosion: causes, types and methods of prevention. Water; temporary and permanent hardness, disadvantages of hard water, scale and sludge formation and corrosion in boiler. Analytical methods like thermogravimetric, polarographic analysis, nuclear radiation, detectors and analytical applications of radioactive materials. Enzymes and their use in the manufacturing of ethanol and acetic acid by fermentation methods. Principles of food chemistry, introduction to lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, food preservators, coloring and flavoring reagents of food. Lubricants; properties, mechanism, classification and tests. Polymers: types of polymerization, properties, uses and methods for the determination of molecular weight of polymers. Introduction to IR spectroscopy. 

Practical: Determination of temporary and permanent hardness of water by EDTA method. Estimation of chloride in water. Estimation of dissolved oxygen in water. Determination of BOD in water sample. Determination COD in water sample. Estimation of available chlorine in bleaching powder. Determination of viscosity of oil. Estimation of activity of water sample. Estimation of alkalinity of water sample. Determination of carbonate and non-carbonate hardness by soda reagent. Determination coagulation of water and chloride ion content. Determination of specific rotation of an optically active compound. max and verification of Lambert Beer’s Law. Determination of calorific value of fuel.λDetermination of  Identification of functional groups (alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid and amide) by IR. Chromatographic analysis. Determination of molar refraction of organic compounds.

Liquification of gases. Colloids, preparation and properties, Zeta potential. Emulsions. Adsorption and adsorption isotherms. Applications of colloids and adsorption. Macromolecules, types and molecular weight determination. Chemical and ionic equilibria, acids, bases, pH, buffer solutions and Handerson equation. Salt hydrolysis and calculation of hydrolysis constant and pH of various types of salts. Solubility product, ionic product and concept of precipitation and its applications. Theories of indicators. Photochemistry, Norrish-I, Norrish-II, Florescence, Phosphorescence, concept of singlet and triplet oxygen and Jablonski diagram. Introduction to Infra Red, UltraViolet-Visible, Raman, Nuclear Magnetic Resonace spectroscopy and Flame photometry. 

Practical: Verification of adsorptions, isotherms, charge on colloidal particles, molecular weight of polymers, preparation of buffer solutions, determination of pKa. Spectrophotometric analysis. Determination λ0 . Verification of Oswald’s dilution law.

Chem. 426 Chemistry of Non-transition

Elements

Some Basic Principles and Techniques in Organic Chemistry: General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, Classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation.  Homolytic and heterolytic cleavage of covalent bond, Reaction intermediates: structure and stability of free radicals, carbocations and carbanions, Concept of electrophiles and nucleophiles and types of organic reactions. Classification of hydrocarbons: Alkanes-Nomenclature, structure, isomerism, conformations(ethane only) physical properties methods of preparation and  chemical reactions of alkanes, free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis of alkanes, Alkenes-Nomenclature structure of double bond (ethene) geometrical isomerism physical properties methods of preparation and chemical reactions: Addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, mechanism of electrophilic addition. Alkynes- Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation and chemical reactions, acidic character of alkynes and addition reaction of hydrogen ,halogen, hydrogen halides and water, Aromatic Hydrocarbons- Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, resonance, benzene, aromaticity,  chemical properties mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions, – nitration, sulfonation, halogenations, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation: directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity. Environmental pollution- Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smog,  acid rain, ozone and its reactions, Effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming, industrial pollution, Green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution.

Practical: Determination of melting point and boiling point of an organic compound, Crystallization of impure sample of benzoic acid. Preparation of aspirin, iodoform, analysis of fruits and vegetable juices for their acidity, Detection of nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine in organic compounds, Test for the functional groups present in organic compounds:Unsaturation, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic and amino (primary) groups.

Chem.94 

Organic Chemistry-II

Haloalkanes and haloarenes: Nomenclature, nature of   C-X bond physical and chemical properties mechanism of substitution reactions, optical rotation reactivity of C-X bond in haloalkanes and haloarenes, influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only) uses and environmental effects of  Dichloro, Trichloro and Tetrachloromethanes, BHC, DDT, Freons and Iodoform. Alcohols:  Nomenclature methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses, with special reference to – methanol and ethanol.  Phenols: Nomenclature methods of preparation, physical and Chemical reactivity of phenols in electrophilic substitutions, acidic nature of phenol, uses of phenols. Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, electronic structure of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, relative reactivity of aldehydic and ketonic groups, acidity of alpha-hydrogen, aldol condensation, cannizzarro reaction. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives: Nomenclature, electronic structure of-COOH, Important methods of preparation from aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and cyanides, physical and chemical properties,   acidic nature, effect of substituents on alpha-carbon on acid strength, chemical reactions: Decarboxylation, etherification, Dehydration, relative reactivity of various acid derivatives and uses. Amines- Nomenclature classification, structure, primary, secondary and tertiary amines, methods of preparation, amination, Basic character of amines, chemical reactions, Methods to distinguish between Primary, Secondary and Tertiary amines, Dye test and Carbylamines reaction. Cyanides and isocyanides: Preparation from halides and Chemical reactions: Hydrolysis and reaction with Grignard’s reagent. Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reaction of benzene diazonium chloride. And importance in synthetic organic chemistry. Some commercially important nitrogen containing carbon compounds (aniline and TNT). Nitro compounds: Nomenclature, Preparation from alkyl halides by nitration. Reduction reactions of nitro compounds. Biomolecules: Carbohydrates: Classification, aldose and ketose, monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides, starch, cellulose, glycogen); Important simple chemical reactions of glucose, elementary idea of structure of pentose and hexose. Proteins: Elementary idea of alpha-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure, Denaturation of proteins, Enzymes. Vitamins:  Classification and Functions, Hormones: Elementary idea (excluding structure) Nucleic acids: Chemical composition of DNA and RNA, Lipids: Classification and Structure,Polymers: Classification – natural and synthetic, Addition and condensation polymerization, copolymerization, natural rubber, vulcanization of rubber, Synthetic rubbers, Condensation polymers,. Some commercially important polymers (Polythene, polyesters, rubber, PVC, teflon, polystyrene, nylon-6 and 66, terylene and bakelite). Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Polymers. Chemistry in everyday life: Chemicals in medicines, analgesic, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines. Chemicals in food – Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents. Elementary idea of antioxidants. Cleansing agents – Soaps and detergents, Cleansing action.

Practical: Separation of pigments from extracts of leaves and flowers by paper chromatography and TLC and determination of Rf values. Preparation of Organic Compounds: Acetanilide, azo dye, iodoform, urea-formaldehyde resin, study the cleansing action of different detergents, Test for the functional groups present in organic compounds: Unsaturation, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic and amino(primary) groups. Study of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in pure form and detection of their presence in given food stuffs.

Chem.202 

Chemistry for Agricultural Engineering

Phase rule and its application to one and two component systems. Fuels, classification and calorific value. Colloids, classification and properties. Corrosion and its prevention. Pollution sources and types of pollution. Analytical methods like thermogravimetric, polarographic analysis, nuclear radiation detectors and analytical applications of radioactive materials. Metallurgy of titanium, nickel and chromium. Lubricants, properties, mechanisms, classification and tests. Polymers, nomenclature, types of polymerisation, effect of structure on properties, mechanical behavior, plastic and elastomers. Resins, determination of molecular weight of polymers. 

Practical: Volumetric, Gravimetric and Instrumental analysis. Water: Total solids, turbidity, pH value, carbonate and bicarbonate, acidity, hardness, chloride, dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD, ammonical nitrogen, coagulant, chlorine demand and residual chlorine. Chemical analysis of cement and alloys. Viscosity of bitumen, calorific value of fuels, polarimetric, conductometer and spectrophotometric analysis.

Chem.203 

Physical and Inorganic Chemistry

Law of thermodynamics, concept of free energy, Partial molar quantities, chemical potential, Kirchhoff’s equation. Application of thermodynamics in understanding energies in living cells. Differential rate law and integrated rate expression. Half life time of a reaction. Concept of activation energy. Reaction mechanism, steady state hypothesis. Catalysis: Homogenous catalysis, enzyme catalysis, Heterogeneous catalysis unimolecular surface reaction. Debye-Huckel theory of strong electrolytes, Transport number, Polarography, Half wave potential. The Schrödinger equation and postulates of quantum mechanics, Normal and orthogonal wave function, solution of Schrödinger wave equation for one and three dimensional box. Metal – ligand bonding in transition metal complexes, magnetic properties of transition metal complexes. Thermodynamic and Kinetic aspects of metal complexes. Hard and soft acids and bases. Organometallic compounds. 

Practical: Separation and identification of ions (4-ions with no interference), Preparation of metal complexes, Experiments involving conductometer, pH meter, spectrophotometer, refractometer, polarimeter. Experiments concerning adsorption, solutions and chemical kinetics.

Chem.204 

Mechanism of organic reactions

Types of organic reactions, Reaction intermediates, assigning formal charges on intermediates and other ionic species. Methods for determination of reaction mechanism (product analysis, intermediates, isotope effect, kinetic and stereochemical studies).Mechanism of free radical halogenation of alkanes; orientation, reactivity and selectivity. Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution-Mechanism of nitration, halogenation, sulfonation and Friedel craft reaction. Concept of isomerism, types of isomerism (optical, geometrical and conformational isomerism) stereoselective and stereospecific reactions. Stereochemistry of addition of halogens to alkenes, Stereochemistry of elimination reactions. Spectroscopy: Introduction to infrared, ultraviolet visible and proton NMR spectroscopy. Use of these spectroscopic techniques for structural elucidation. 

Practical: Use of chromatography in the separation and identification of organic compounds in a mixture. Identification of elements and functional groups in organic compounds. Single step preparation of organic compounds.

Chem.302 

Chemistry of Agrochemicals, Plant Products and Growth Regulators

Organic chemistry as prelude to agrochemicals. Diverse types of agrochemicals. Botanical insecticides (neem), pyrethrum and synthetic pyrethroids. Synthetic organic insecticides, major classes, chemistry and use of some important insecticides under each class. Herbicides-major classes, chemistry and use of 2,4-D, atrazine, glyphosate, butachlor, benthiocarb. Fungicides – major classes, Chemistry and use of carbendazim, carboxin, captan, tridemorph and copper oxychloride. Plant growth regulators. 

Practical: Argentometric and iodometric titrations – their use in the analysis of important pesticides. Compatibility of fertilizers with pesticides.

Chem. 304

Basic Analytical Chemistry

Chem.305 

Experiments in Inorganic Chemistry

Chem.308  

Chemistry of Agrochemicals

Agrochemicals- introduction, types,  role in agriculture, effect on environment, soil, human and animal health, merits and demerits of uses in agriculture. Management of agrochemicals for sustainable agriculture. Herbicides-major classes, properties and fate of important herbicides. Classification of fungicides. Inorganic fungicides – characteristics, preparation, use and mode of action of bordeaux mixture and copper oxychloride. Organic fungicides- mode of action, characteristics, preparation and use of dithiocarbamates- zineb and maneb. Systemic fungicides- characteristics and use of benomyl, carboxin, oxycarboxin, metalaxyl, carbendazim. Introduction and classification of insecticides-inorganic and organic insecticides. Uses of organochlorine, organophosphates, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids neonicotinoids. Insecticide act and rules. Banned, withdrawn and restricted use insecticides.  Insect growth regulators (IGRs), biopesticides, reduced risk insecticides-botanicals. Plant and animal systemic insecticides. Fertilizers and their importance. Nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers-feedstocks and manufacturing of ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, urea, slow release N-fertilizers and single superphosphate. Preparation of bone meal and basic slag. Potassic fertilizers- natural sources of potash, manufacturing of potassium chloride, potassium sulphate and potassium nitrate.Mixed and complex fertilizers- sources and compatibility. Preparation of major, secondary and micronutrient mixtures.  Complex fertilizers-manufacturing of ammonium phosphates, nitro phosphates and NPK complexes. Fertilizer control order. Fertilizer logistics and marketing. Plant bio-pesticides for ecological agriculture, Bio-insect repellents.

Practical: Sampling of fertilizers and pesticides. Pesticides application technology to study about various pesticides appliances. Quick tests for the identification of common fertilizers. Identification of anions and cations in fertilizers. Calculation of doses of insecticides to be used. To study and identify various formulations of insecticides available in market. Estimation of nitrogen in urea, water soluble P2O5 and citrate soluble P2O5 in single super phosphate, potassium in muraite of potash/ sulphate of potash (by flame photometer), copper   in copper oxychloride and sulphur insulphur fungicide- thiram and ziram.

Metal complexes and metal chelates, Pauling electronegative principle, hydration energy, inter ligand repulsion, weak metal ligand bonding, strong ligand bonding, back bonding and its effect on stability of complexes. Study of charge transfer complexes. Nomenclature and isomerism. Structure and nature of bonding in complexes. Stability and reactivity in metal complexes and factors influencing stability. Substitution reaction and Trans effect. Electronic spectra of metal complexes, magnetic properties of complexes. Role of metal complexes and metal chelates in transportation of micronutrients in plants, role of iron, manganese and copper complexes in plants and animals. 

Practical: Spectrophotometry, pH metric studies in relation to stability constants of metal ligand systems.

Chem. 427

Spectroscopy and Structure Elucidation

Chem. 429

Drugs, Bimolecules and Polymers

Block1 : Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics

Unit 1: Thermodynamic terms, variables, processes, functions

Unit 2: Thermochemistry

Thermochemical equations, heat of reaction at constant volume and pressure , relation between Cp and Cv, Born Heber Cycle, Bond energies

Unit 3: 

Partial molar properties  and their determination ,Gibbs Duhem equation, Concept of Gibbs and Helmolz free energy, derivation of different relationships of free energy, concept of entropy, different relationships of entropy

Unit 4:  Laws of thermodynamics

Concept of energy, work and heat, internal energy and enthalpy, mathematical relation for first law, Joule Thomson effect, combined form of first and second law, isothermal and adiabatic expansion of real and ideal gas, Carnot cycle, calculation of entropy change, Nernst heat theorem, determination of absolute entropy, residual entropy

Block 2: Irreversible thermodynamics

Unit 1:Concepts

Flux and gradient, Phenomenological equations. Onsanger reciprocal relation, entropy production

Unit 2: Thermodynamics of living system

Membrane transport involving biochemical reaction. metabolic and biosynthetic reaction, ATP production during biochemical processes of various types, applications of irreversible thermodynamics in biological processes, coupled reactions

Block 3:Statistical thermodynamics

Unit 1:  Introduction and terms used in statistical thermodynamics

Role of statistical mechanics, thermodynamic probability, partition function and their relation to thermodynamic quantities

Unit 2: Different types of statistics

Introduction to Fermi–Dirac statistics, Bose–Einstein statistics, Maxwell  Boltzmann distribution

Block 4: Electrochemistry 

Unit 1: Basic terms and electrochemical cells 

Electrode potential, electrochemical series and its applications, conductometric and potentiometric titrations,reversibleelectrodes,Electrochemical cells Nernst equation, Application of EMF measurements 

Unit 2: Migration of ions and ionic equilibrium

Factors affecting migration of ions, transport number,Kohlrausch’s  lawand its applications, Ionic equilibrium,

Block 5:Theories of conductance and electrocatalysis

Unit 1: Theories of ionic conductance

Debye-Huckel theory, Debye-Onsager theory of conductance, activities and activity coefficients of electrolytes and their determination, Electro-kinetic and electro capillary phenomena, Theories of electrical double layer at the electrode electrolyte interface

Unit 2: Electrocatalysis

Over potential, derivation of Butler-Volumer equation. Tafel plots, Polarography, Il-Kovic equation, half wave potential and its significance, Electrochemistry of corrosion and electrolysis

Block 1: Chromatographic Techniques

Unit 1: Introduction to Separation Science Techniques

Different separation methods, classification of separation methods based on the property resulting in separation, criteria for selection of separation methods

Unit 2: Gas Chromatography and its application

 Theory, principle and instrumentation of GC, GC detectors and columns of different types,  

 application of GC in the analysis of organic compounds            

Unit 3:  High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and its applications

 Theory, principle and instrumentation of HPLC, LC detectors and columns of different types

mobile phase, application of HPLC in the separation and analysis of organic compounds

Block 2: Spectroscopic Techniques

Unit 1:  UV, Visible and IR spectrophotometry and its application

 Theory, principle, and instrumentation of absorption (UV, Visible and IR) spectroscopy, 

  application of UV and IR in structure elucidation of organic compounds

Unit 2: NMR (1H, 13C) spectroscopy and its applications

Theory, principle and instrumentation of NMR (1H, 13C) spectroscopy, application of NMR spectroscopy in the characterization of organic compounds  

Unit 3: Mass spectroscopy (MS) and its application

Theory, principal, instrumentation of mass spectroscopy, mass fragmentation pattern, 

 application of MS in structure elucidation and confirmation

Unit 4: Tandem GC-MS and LC-MS techniques rotational spectroscopy, raman spectroscopy, 

 laser raman spectroscopy

Theory, principal, instrumentation of Tandem GC-MS and LC-MS Techniques Tandem 

chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques (GCMS-MS/LCMS-MS), Application of 

tandem techniques for confirmation of the chemical structure of the analyte constituents.

Raman Spectroscopy, Electron and Mössbauer spectroscopy

Practical:

1. Separation of organic compound mixture by GC and HPLC
2. Application of UV and IR spectrophotometry for detection of organic compounds
3. Identification and structure elucidation of organic compounds by NMR (1H, 13C) and MS
4. Identification and structure elucidation of organic compounds by GC-MS, LC-MS and MS fragmentation pattern

Block 1: Atomic Structure 

Unit 1: Review of atomic structure

Rutherford’s model of atom, Photoelectric effect and Planck’s quantum theory, Bohr’s model of atom, de-Broglie concept, Heisenberg’s uncertainity principle

Unit 2: Wave mechanical concept of atomic structure

Schrodinger wave equation and its derivation, Quantum numbers, Normal and orthogonal wave functions,wave functions for hydrogen atom, radial distribution curves for s, p, d and f orbitals, angular wave functions for s, p, d and f orbitals-their significance and use. Slater-type orbitals; effective nuclear charge, use of radial distribution curves to explain order of filling of orbitals in many electron systems.

Block 2: Chemical Bonding 

Unit 1: Review of chemical bond

Ionic bond, covalent bond, dative bond, metallic bond.Valence Bond Theory (VBT) and its model, MOT: Linear combination of atomic orbital, overlap integral, coulomb Integral, molecular orbital treatment of H2, bonding and antibonding orbital. Construction of MO and VB functions, MOEL diagrams

Unit 2: Shapes of covalent molecules

Hybridization, Wave functions for hybrid orbitals, Orientation of hybrid orbitals in space, VSEPR theory, Geometry of molecules containing bond pair of electrons (BeF2, CH4, SF6, IF7), Geometry of molecules containing bond pairs as well as lone pair of  electrons  (SnCl2, SF4, XeF2, XeF4, IF5), Geometry of some ions (CO32-, NO3-, ClO4-)

Block 3: Group Theory 

Unit 1: Symmetry elements and principles of group theory

Symmetry elements and Symmetry operations (Identity, Axis of Symmetry, Plane of Symmetry, Centre of inversion and Improper axis of rotation,   Group and its Characteristic, product of Symmetry operations, symmetry Operations symmetry elements commonly occurring molecules like NH3, CH4, SF6, PF5, SF4, Ni(CO)4, Fe(CO)5 subgroups, similarity transformations and conjugates, equivalent atoms and equivalent symmetry elements.

Unit 2: Point groups and their classification

Classification of point groups, representation of groups, reducible and irreducible representation

Unit 3: Great orthogonality theorem and character tables 

Great Orthogonality theorem, Character tables and construction of character tables for C2v and C3v

Block 4: Bioinorganic Chemistry

Unit 1: Photosynthesis and metalloenzymes

Chemistry of Photosynthesis: Cyclic and Noncyclic phosphorylation, photosynthetic reaction center (PSI and PSII), detailed mechanism of electron transport reaction involved during dark and light reactions.

Metalloenzymes: Definition, Terms: Epoenzymes, prosthetic groups, coenzymes and cofactors. Inhibition and poisoning.  Structure and function of specific metalloenzymes: Carbonic anhydrase, carboxypeptidae, catalase, peroxidase, superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and cytochrome P450.

Unit 2: Natural oxygen carriers (heme and non-heme), iron sulfur proteins

Natural oxygen carriers: Iron storage and transport ferritin, transferrin, bacterial iron transport, hemoglobin and myoglobin, nature of heme-dioxygen binding, model systems, cooperativity, Bohr ‘s  effect in hemoglobin, hemerythrins. Non-heme oxygen carriers: hemocyanin.

Iron sulfur proteins: Ferrodoxin and rubredoxin

Unit 3:  Biological nitrogen fixation and role of important metal ions in biological system

Biological Nitrogen fixation: General and specific structural features of Nitrogen fixation, Mode of action of Nitogenase, 

Role of important metal ions in biological system: Role of vanadium, chromium, nickel tungsten and molybdenum metal ions, chelates in chemotherapy, lithium and mental health, metal complexes as anti-tumor agents, Chelation therapy.

Block 1: Stereochemistry

Unit1: Isomerism and its types

Concept of isomerism. Classification of isomerism.

Unit 2: Optical Isomerism

Elements of symmetry, molecular chirality, enantiomers, stereogeniccenter,optical activity, properties of enantiomers, Chiral and achiral molecules with two stereogeniccenters, diastereomers, threo and erythro diastereomers, meso compounds, resolution ofenatiomers, inversion, retention and racemization.Relative and absolute configuration, sequence rules, D & L and R & S systems of nomenclature.

Unit 3: Geometric isomerism

Determination of configuration of geometric isomers. E & Z system ofnomenclature, geometric isomerism in oximes and alicyclic compounds.

Unit 4: Conformational isomerism

Conformational analysis of ethane and n-butane; conformations ofcyclohexane, axial and equatorial bonds, conformation of mono substituted cyclohexanederivatives. Newman projection and Sawhorse formulae, Fischer and flying wedge formulae.Difference between configuration and conformation.Conformational analysis of cycloalkanes, decalins, effect of conformation on reactivity,steric strain due to unavoidable crowding. chirality, methods of resolution, optical purity. Stereochemistry of the compounds containing nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus.

Block 2: Pericyclic Reaction

Unit 1: Molecular orbital symmetry

Molecular orbital symmetry, Frontier orbitals of ethylene, 1,3- butadiene, 1,3,5- hexatriene and allyl system

Unit 2: Classification of pericyclic reactions

Classification of pericyclic reactions. FMO and PMO approach. Electrocyclic reactions – conrotatory and disrotatorymotions, 4n, 4n+2 and allyl systems. Cycloadddition– antarafacial and suprafacial additions,4n and 4n+2 systems, 2+2 addition of ketenes, 1,3 dipolar cycloadditions and cheleotropicreactions.

Unit 3:  Suprafacial and antarafacial shifts of H, sigmatropicshiftsinvolving carbon moieties, 3,3- and – sigmatropic rearrangements. Claisen, Cope and aza-Cope rearreangements. Fluxional tautomerism. Ene reaction.

Block 3: Reactive Intermediates and Organic Reaction Mechanisms

Unit 1: Nature of bonding in organic molecules

Aromaticity in benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds, Huckel’s rule, annulenes, anti-aromaticity

Unit 2: Reactive intermediates 

Structure and Reactivity,Generation, structure, stability and reactivity of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenesand nitrenes.

Unit 3: Aliphatic nucleophilic substitution

The SN2, SN1, mixed SN1 and SN2 and SET mechanisms. The neighbouring group mechanism, neighbouring group participation by π and σ bonds,anchimeric assistance. Classical and nonclassical carbocations, phenonium ions, norbornyl system, The SNimechanisum.Nucleophilic substitution at an allylicand a vinylic carbon.Reactivity effects of substrate structure, attacking nucleophile, leaving group and reactionmedium, phase transfer catalysis and ultrasound, ambident nucleophile, regioselectivity.

Unit 4: Aliphatic electrophilic substitution

Bimolecular mechanisms- SE2 and SE1 mechanism, electrophilic substitutionaccompanied by double bond shifts. Effect of substrates, leaving group and the solvent polarityon the reactivity.

Unit 5: Aromatic nucleophilic substitution

The SNAr, Ar SN1, benzyne mechanisms, Reactivity – effect of substrate structure, leavinggroup and attacking nucleophile. The von Richter, Sommelet-Hauser, and Smilesrearrangements.

Unit 6: Stereochemistry of elimination reactions

E1, E2 E1cB mechanism, competition between elimination and substitution, Anti and syn E2 eliminations, Regioselectivity of elimination reactions, Saytzeff and Hofmann elimination.

Unit 7: Addition to carbon-carbon multiple bonds

Mechanistic and stereochemical aspects of addition reactions involving electrophiles,nucleophiles and free radicals, regio- and chemoselectivity,orientation and reactivity. Hydrogenation of double bonds, Hydroboration. Michael reaction. Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation.

Block 1: Introduction

Unit 1:  Historical background

The failure of classical physics, Rutherford’s model, photoelectric effect, Bohr model, hydrogen spectrum

Unit 2:  Dynamics and postulates of quantum mechanics

Introduction to quantum mechanics, Wave-particle duality, The Schrodinger equation, The Born interpretation of the wavefunction, Information in a wavefunction, The uncertainty principle, Postulates of quantum mechanics

Block 2: Molecules in Motion

Unit 1: Translational rotational and vibrational motions

A particle in a box, Motion in two and more dimensions, Tunnelling, Impact on nanoscience: scanning probe microscopy, The energy levels and wavefunctions, Rotation in two dimensions: a particle on a ring, Rotation in three dimensions: the particle on a sphere, Impact on nanoscience: Quantum dots, Spin

Unit 2: Techniques of approximation

Time independent perturbation theory, time dependent perturbation theory

Block 3: Atomic Structure and Spectra 

Unit 1: Structure and spectra of hydrogenic atoms

The structure of hydrogenic atoms, Atomic orbitals and their energies, Spectroscopic transitions and selection rules

Unit 2: Structure of many electron atoms, spectra of complex atoms

The orbital approximation, Self-consistent field orbitals, Quantum defects and ionization limits, Singlet and triplet states, Spin-orbit coupling, Term symbols and selection rules

Block 4: Bonding theories

Unit 1: Born-Oppenheimer approximation, valence bond theory

Born-Oppenheimer approximation, Valence bond theory of homonuclear diatomic and polyatomic molecules

Unit 2: Molecular orbital theory

Molecular orbital theory of hydrogen ion, homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules, The Huckel approximation, Prediction of molecular properties

Block 5: Statistical mechanics

Unit 1:  Bose-Einstein statistics and Fermi-Dirac statistics

Introduction to Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, Bose-Einstein statistics, Fermi-Dirac statistics

Unit 2: Application to radiation and electron gas in metals

Molecular, translational, rotational, vibrational, electronic and partition functions for an ideal gas, thermodynamic properties in terms of partition function, Ideal Bose-Einstein gas: Bose-Einstein distribution and condensation, Ideal Fermi-Dirac gas: Fermi-Dirac distribution and thermodynamic properties.

Chem.-509 

Co-ordinate Chemistry, Reaction Mechanism and Inorganic Polymers

Block 1: Introduction to Coordination Complexes

Unit 1: Isomerism, the theories of bonding in coordination compounds

Introduction, definition of terms-complex ion and coordination number, different types of ligands, Werner’s coordination theory, nomenclature, structural, geometrical and optical isomerism in complexes of coordination number 4 and 6

Unit 2: Valence bond theory, electroneutrality principle and back-bonding

Postulates of valence bond theory, shortcomings, electroneutrality, EAN rule, back-bonding

Block 2: Crystal Field Theory

Unit 1: Crystal field theory and its application for understanding magnetic and spectral properties of metal complexes

Crystal field splitting in octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes, Crystal field stabalization energy, Colour of complexes, Magnetic properties: paramagnetic and diamagnetic complexes

Unit 2: Structural effects of crystal field splitting (ionic radii, John-Teller effect), Thermodynamical effects of crystal field splitting (hydration, ligation and lattice energies)

Factors affecting the magnitude of crystal field splitting, ionic radii, Jahn-Teller distortion, Thermodynamical effects of crystal field splitting (hydration, ligation and lattice energies)

Unit 3: Limitations of crystal field theory, adjusted crystal field theory

Limitations of Crystal field theory, introduction of ligand field theory, evidence of covalent bonding in metal ligand bonds

Block 3: Molecular Orbital Theory

Unit 1: Application of molecular orbital theory of square planar, tetrahedral and octahedral complexes

Molecular orbital picture of square planar, tetrahedral and octahedral coordination complexes having sigma bonding ligands, pi-donor ligands

Unit 2: Transition metal complexes of pi acceptor ligands

Molecular orbital picture of square planar, tetrahedral and octahedral coordination complexes having pi acceptor ligands

Block 4: Stability of Complexes

Unit 1: Stability of complexes: methods of determination

Concept of stability, liability, inertness, thermodynamic stability, kinetic stability, EAN, chelation, stability constant.

Unit 2: Factors affecting stability

Factors affecting the stability, determination of stability constant from thermodynamic data, Irving William series.

Block 5: Electron Absorption Spectra 

Unit 1: Electron absorption spectra, term symbols

Introduction to atomic spectroscopy, orbital and spin angular momentum, spin-spin coupling, spin-orbital coupling, the energy terms, coupling schemes, Russel-Saunder’s coupling scheme, J-J coupling, Selection and relaxation rules, term symbols

Unit 2: Orgel diagrams, Charge transfer spectra, Tanabe Sugano Diagrams

Orgel diagrams, application of orgel diagrams to electronic spectra of transition metal complexes, charge transfer spectra, spectrochemical series, Tanabe Sugano diagrams

Block 6: Reactions of Coordination Compounds

Unit 1: Substitution reactions in octahedral complexes and associated stereochemical changes, redox reactions in coordination compounds and their mechanism. Acid and Base hydrolysis of octahedral complexes

Substitution reactions in octahedral complexes, SN1, SN2 mechanism, mechanism of acid hydrolysis of octahedral complexes with/without pi bonding ligand, mechanism of base hydrolysis, SN1(CB) mechanism, Oxidation reduction reactions through atom/group transfer, electron transfer, mechanism of electron transfer reactions in solution phase, outer sphere mechanism, inner sphere mechanism.

Unit 2: Substitution in square planar complexes and trans effect

Substitution reactions, mechanism in square planar complexes, trans effect, theories of trans effect

Block 7: Inorganic Polymers 

Unit 1: Inorganic polymers containing phosphorus, sulphur boron, silicon

Introduction, properties, glass transition temperature, Phosphorus based polymers, phosphorus-based chain polymers, Mudderell’s salts, Kuroll’s salts, phosphorus based network polymers, sulphur, boron and silicon-based polymers

Practical

1. Preparation of inorganic complexes like Co[Hg(SCN)4], Hg[Co(SCN)4], [Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl2, Co(NH3)5 Cl]Cl2, [Cu(Gly)2], K2[Cu(C2O4)2 ], [Co(acac)3], K4 [Co2(C2O4)4(OH)2], [Co(NH3)4]SO4 and Na3[Co(NO2)6]. 
2. Determination of stoichiometry and stability of complexes. 
3. Complexometric titrations.

Block 1: Basic Knowledge of Transition and Inner Transition Elements

Unit 1:  Various trends in transition metal complexes

Transition elements-Hund’s rule and spectroscopic energy states, magnetism in transition metal, elements of second and third row transition series, chemistry of iso- and heteropolyacids and anions of Mo and W.

Unit 2: Chemistry of metal-metal Complexes 

The metal-metal bonds, Different physical and chemical properties of compounds with two centered metal-metal bonds; metal clusters, occurrence, electronic structure, oxidation states and stereo chemistry.

Unit 3: Chemistry of lanthanides and actinides 

Magnetic and spectral properties of lanthanides and actinides, lanthanides contraction, separation   of lanthanides and actinides. Chemistry of rare elements francium, technitium, rhenium.

Block 2: Transition Metal Complexes

Unit 1: Organo-transition complexes 

Organo-transition complexes: Applications in catalysis , reactions, Reduction of CO, synthesis of oxygenated compounds, carbonylation reactions; Monsanto acetic acid synthesis, Eastman acetic anhydride synthesis, Cativa process, Reductive carbonylation, decarbonylation. 

Unit 2: Metathesis

Metathesis of olefins, alkene, cycloalkenes, acyclic dienes, olefin cross metathesis, metathesis of  alkynes, Use of catalyst for oxygen transfer reaction from peroxo and oxo complexes. Use of Cu (I) catalyst for alkyne-azidecycloaddition reaction

Block 1: Thermodynamics

Unit 1: Thermochemistry and thermochemical laws

Heat changes at constant pressure and constant volume, Heat capacity, Molar and specific heat capacity,  Relationship between Cp and Cv. Determination of enthalpy change, Bond energies, Hess law and Kirchoff`s equation 

Block 2: Chemical Equilibrium

Unit 1:  Chemical equilibrium basic concepts

Chemical equilibrium, Equilibrium constant, Relation between Kp and Kc, thermodynamic derivation of law of chemical equilibrium, Factors affecting chemical equilibrium,Applications of VantHoff  equation, Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibrium, Le Chatliers Principle 

Unit 2: Electrocatalysis and transport number

 Electrochemistry, phenomena of electrolysis, conductance of electrolytes, theory of electrolytes, migration of ions and transport number, Determination of transport numbers by Hittroff method and moving boundary method

Unit 3: EMF and its determination

EMF of cell, Determination of EMF, Electrochemical series, Combination glass electrode, pH measurement by indicatory and electrometric methods 

Unit 4: pH in textile and corrosion

Control and utility of pH in textile wet processing. Electrochemical theory of corrosion, factors affecting and methods of prevention

Unit 5: Preparation and properties of colloids

Methods of preparation and properties of colloidal systems, Classification of colloids,  electric and electro kinetic properties , interfacial phenomena, micelle formation, micro and macro emulsions, Importance and applications of colloids

Chem.-604

Bio-Inorganic Chemistry

Block 1: Inorganic Elements In Biological Systems

Unit 1: Alkali metals in biological systems

Importance of alkali metals, ions and ligands affecting the stability of complexes. Alkali metal ions in the regulation of biochemical events. Transport and storage of metal ions in vivo. 

Unit 2: Alkaline earth metals and other elements in biological systems

Role of metal ions in replication and transcriptions process of nucleic acids. Biochemistry of calcium as hormonal messenger, muscle contraction, blood clotting, neurotransmitter, calcification, metals in the regulation of biochemical events. Transport and storage of metal ions in vivo. 

Block 2: Nucleic Acid and Peptides

Unit 1: Nucleic acid

Coordinating sites in biologically important ligands such as purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides, structure of DNA and RNA, and their role in biological systems

Unit 2: Proteins

Amino-acids, structure and bonding in peptides,structure of proteins,properties of proteins role of amino acids and proteins

Block 3: Oxygen Carriers

Unit 1: Heme and non-heme proteins as oxygen carriers

Haemoglobin and myoglobin as oxygen carriers, Bohr effect. Coordination chemistry of Fe(II) in haemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin. Relaxed and tense (R & T) configurations of haemoglobin, electronic formulations and mode of bonding of dioxygen in haemoglobin (modeling),

Unit 2: Other natural oxygen carriers

Cytochromes, hemerythrins and hemocyanins, Ironsulphur proteins and electron transfer agents in biological systems: Systems, synthetic models of 4-ferredoxins, Iron supply and transport in biological systems: Ferritin, transferrin and siderophores.

Block 4: Metalloenzymes

Unit 1: Structural aspects of metalloenzymes

Carbonic anhydrase and carboxy peptidase, amino peptidase, Alkaline phosphate. Superoxide dismutase; inhibition of metalloenzymes.

Block 5: Some Important Mechanisms  of Biological Systems

Unit 1: Photosynthesis

Chlorophyll in photosynthesis, current hpothesis for the photo oxidation of chlorophyl, synthetic leaf, ‘Z’ diagram for electron transport in PS-I and PS-II photosystem. Model studies of WOC and Photosystems. 

Unit 2: Nitrogen fixation

Nitrogen fixation: Classification of nitrogen fixing bacteria, Nitrogenase enzymes: EXAFS (Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy) for characterization of the cofactor of nitrogenase and its synthetic analogues-double cubane cluster, Vanadium containing nitrogenases, mechanism of nitrogen fixation by nitrogenases and role of ATP in nitrogen fixation, nitrite reductase and nitrate reductase. 

Block 1: Introduction to Green Chemistry

Unit 1: Basic principles of green chemistry

Prevention of waste by products, minimum incorporation of reactants into the final product, minimization of hazardous products, designing safer chemicals, energy requirements for synthesis, selection of appropriate solvent, selection of starting material, use of protecting groups, use of catalyst, product designed should be biodegradable, designing of manufacturing plants, strengthening of analytical techniques

Unit 2: Designing of green synthesis

Choice of starting material, reagents, catalyst and solvents

Unit 3: Green chemistry in day-to-day life and environmental pollution

Dry cleaning of clothes, versatile bleaching agents, environmental pollution caused by the use of solvents, reagents and products

Block 2: Green Alternatives to Organic Transformations

Unit 1: Green and phase transfer catalysts (PTC)

Acidic, basic,oxidation and polymer supported catalyst, Introduction to PTC and applications of PTC in organic synthesis

Unit 2: Microwave induced and ultrasound assisted green synthesis

Introduction to microwave induced green synthesis, Microwave assisted reactions in water, organic solvents and solvent free reactions. Introduction and applications of ultrasound assisted green synthesis

Unit 3: Biocatalysts in green synthesis

Introduction,biochemical microbial oxidation,reduction reactions, enzymes catalyzed hydrolytic processes

Unit 4: Aqueous and solid phase transformations

Introduction to aqueous phase transformation reactions, oxidation, reduction, polymerization and photochemical reactions,electrochemical synthesis in aqueous phase, Introduction to organic synthesis in solid phase and solid phase organic synthesis without using any solvent

Unit 5: Green solvents

Versatile ionic liquids as green solvents, reactions in acidic and neutral ionic liquids

Block 3: Synthesis Involving Basic Principles of Green Chemistry

Unit 1: Green synthetic approach for various reactions

Synthesis of styrene, furfural from biomass, benign synthesis of aromatic amines, neat reaction microwave technology for the synthesis of heterocycles.

Practical

1. Synthesis using agrochemical waste as catalysts.
2. One pot multicomponent synthesis using microwave.
3. Photocatalysed organic synthesis.
4. One pot multicomponent synthesis using sonicator.
5. Organic synthesis by using water media.
6. Synthesis of organic compounds using solvent less approach.
7. Solid-state synthesis of various compounds.
8. Extraction of essential oil using hydro-distillation methods.

Preparation of plant extracts by soxhlet extraction by using water as a solvent.

Block 1: Conventional Pesticide Formulations

Unit 1: Overview of conventional Pesticide Formulations

Solid and liquid formulation, Conventional pesticide formulations such as Dust (D), Granule, pallet (P), Wettable Powder (WP), Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC), and Solution (S). Biopesticide formulations-specifications and types, Limitations of conventional formulations

Unit 2: Selection of Adjuvants and Synergists in Formulation Chemistry

Role of adjuvants (carriers, diluents, surfactants, emulsifiers,, dispersing agents, wetting agents, stickers and spreaders, penetrants,safeners, encapsulants etc.), synergists,antioxidants, stabilizers etc. in formulation chemistry

Unit 3: Physico-chemical Properties of Pesticide Formulations

Physico-chemical properties (solubility, octanol-water partition coefficient, vapor pressure, soil adsorption coefficient, emulsion stability, half-life, shelf-life etc.) and their testing, Formulant-toxicant interactions

Block 2: New Generation Pesticide Formulations

Unit 1: Water and Oil Based Novel Formulation

Water soluble concentrates (WSC), Suspension concentrates (SC), Oil-in-water emulsion

(EW), suspo-emulsion (SE), Micro-emulsion (ME), Water soluble bags and packets(WSB/WSP), Oil dispersion (OD), Aqueous flowable (AF)

Unit 2: Dry, Controlled Release, and Other Novel Formulations

Water soluble powder, liquid and dispersible granules, Dispersion concentrates, Effervescent tablets, Control/time release formulations. Aerosols, baits, fumigants, and formulations of pesticide mixtures, Seed treatment formulations, Seed dressing

Unit 3: Pesticide Application and Delivery Systems

Packaging and labeling of pesticide formulations, Machinery and equipment for pesticideformulation, Pesticide application and delivery systems – principles, distribution and coverage

Block 3: Nanotechnology and its Application in Pesticide Formulation

Unit 1: Production and Characterization of Nanomaterials

Development of nanomaterials – bottom up and top-down approach, nano-sizing of inorganic materials, Techniques for characterization of nanomaterials [Zeta sizer, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)]

Unit 2: Application of Nanotechnology in Pesticide Formulation and Delivery

Production and use of nano-enabled pesticide formulation (nanoemulsions, nanodispersions, nanoencapsulation, and other polymer based formulations), Nanocarriers for targeted and controlled release, Benefits and environmental risks of nanopesticides

Block 4: Pesticide Residues and their Dynamics in the Environment

Unit 1: Different aspects of pesticide residues

Pesticide residue-concept and toxicological significance, pesticide dynamics in agro ecosystem, biotic and abiotic transformations affecting the fate of pesticides

Unit 2: Techniques in pesticide residue analysis

Experimental design, sampling, principles of extraction and clean-up from different substrates, Application of ELISA and radiotracer techniques in pesticide residue analysis, new clean up techniques, QUECHERS, ASE (Accelerated solvent extraction);Multi-residue methods, bound and conjugated residues, method validation-linearity, LOD and LOQ, microbial and photochemical degradation, adsorption, leaching in soil.

Block 5: Natural Resources Management

Unit 1: Characteristics and classification of resources

Soil, plant and microbial biodiversity,Characteristics and classification of natural resources, management strategies for natural resources

Unit 2: Integrated pest management and fertilizers

Integrated pest management, Essential plant nutrients (major, secondary and minor), organic manures (farm yard, compost, sewagw, sludge, green manure, biogas slurries, etc.), production and manufacture and uses of various nitrogenous, phosphatic, potassic and complex fertilizers and fertilizer mixtures, liquid fertilizers, integrated plant nutrient systems, benefits, disadvantages and environmental toxicity, nitrification inhibitors to enhance nitrogen use efficiency, hydrogels and their application in agriculture, soil conditioners and amendments, toxicity issues.

Practical

1. Study of liquid carriers for the determination of (i) flash point, (ii) specific gravity, (iii) viscosity, and (iv) micelle formation with the surfactants. 
2. Study of solid carriers: Determination of (i) Surface acidity by volumetric method, (ii), surface area, (iii) Sorptivity, and (iv)particle size, of the solid carriers. 
3. Preparation of solid formulations: wettable powder (WP)/granules (G)/WDG/WSG. 
4. Physico-chemical analysis of solid formulations based on BIS/CIPAC/FAO guidelines. 
5. Physico-chemical analysis of liquid/gel formulations based on BIS/CIPAC/FAO guidelines. 
6. Preparation of toxicant based insect repellent formulations.
7. Preparation of liquid and gel formulations: EC/SC/SL/OD/EW/gel etc.
8. Preparation and characterization of a nanopesticide formulation. 
9. Preparation of controlled release (CR) formulation and the release of active ingredient in soil and water.

1. Safety measures while working in lab.

2.  Handling of chemical substances. 

3. Use of burettes, pipettes, measuring cylinders, flasks, separatory funnel, condensers, micropipettes and vaccupets. 

4. Washing, drying and sterilization of glassware and drying of solvents/chemicals. 

5. Weighing and preparation of solutions of different strengths and their dilution. 

6. Handling techniques of solutions.

7. Preparation of different agro-chemical doses in field and pot applications. 

8. Preparation of solutions of acids and neutralisation of acid and bases. 

9. Preparation of buffers of different strengths and pH values. 

10. Use and handling of microscope, laminar flow, vacuum pumps, viscometer, thermometer, magnetic stirrer, micro-ovens, incubators, sandbath, waterbath, oilbath. 

11. Electric wiring and earthing. 

12. Preparation of media and methods of sterilization. 

13. Seed viability testing, testing of pollen viability and tissue culture of crop plants. 

14. Description of flowering plants in botanical terms in relation to taxonomy.

Block 1: Natural products: Chemistry and Uses

Unit 1: Chemistry of fats, lipids, terpenoids, and carotenoid

Chemistry of fats and lipids. Classification, nomenclature, occurrence, isolation, general methods of structure determination and isoprene rule. Structure determination, biosynthesis and synthesis of the following representative molecules: geraniol, citral, α-terpeneol, α-pinene, camphor, abietic acid andβ-carotene.

Unit 2:  Chemistry of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenoids

Alkaloids: Definition, nomenclature, physiological action, occurrence, isolation, general method of structure elucidation, degradation in structure elucidation, classification based on nitrogen heterocyclic ring role of alkaloids in plants. Structure stereochemistry synthesis and biosynthesis of the following: Ephedrine, Cocaine, Nicotine, Atropine, Quinine and Morphine

Steroids: Occurrence, nomenclature basic skeleton. Diel’s hydrocarbon and stereochemistry, isolation, structure determination and synthesis of cholesterol,ergosterol, progesterone, testosterone and cortisone.Biosynthesis of Steroids.

Plant Pigments: Isolation and biosynthesis of flavones, flavonoids, isoflavones, chalcones, anthocyanins and Coumarins. General methods of structure determinations and synthesis of Quercetin, Quercetin-3-Glucoside, Cyanidin-7-arabinoside and cyanidine.

Unit 3: Chemistry of carbohydrates, amino Acids, proteins, and nucleic Acids

Structure, chemistry,properties and function of carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, andnucleic

acids

Unit 4: Introduction to metabolomics

Definition, Plant and microbial metabolomics, Metabolome analysis (profiling of secondarymetabolites) by GC-MS, LC-MS and NMR spectrometery, Application of metabolomics indifferent fields.

Block 2: Natural Antioxidants and Food Colorants from Food and Non-Food Sources

Unit 1: Natural Antioxidants and Food Colorants from Food Crops

Natural oxidants and their mode of action, Different types of natural oxidants from vegetable, fruit and cereal crops (Examples: carotene, lycopene, betanaine, capsanthins, capsicinoids,anthocyanins, curcuminoids etc.)

Unit 2: Nutraceuticals and Phytoceuticals from Non-Food Sources

Nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals from microalgae (e.g. phycocyanins), seabuckthorn(phenolics and flavonoids), medicinal plants (boswellic acid, artemisinin, andrographinolides,withanolides, taxol, forskolinetc.) and marine products.

Block 3: Natural Polymers and Enzymes

Unit 1: Natural polymers and their application

Different types of natural polymers, Chemistry of natural polymers (Starch, cellulose, Agar,inulin, chitosan, alginate, dextran, guar gum, gum Arabic, gum tragacanthin, xanthan gum,pectin, psyllium etc.). Application of polymers in agrochemical, food and other industries.

Unit 2: Enzymes and their industrial application

Major classes of enzymes, Enzymes in food industry, industrial enzymes and their applicationin pharma, leather, textile, detergent and other industries

Practicals

1. Extraction of essential oil from mint leaves, lemon and orange peel etc.
2. Extraction and purification of bioactive natural products like lycopene, from tomato or watermelon. 
3. Extraction and purification of curcuminoids from turmeric rhizome. 
4. Extraction and purification of anthocyanins from black carrot, purple cabbage, grapes or jamunetc.
5. Extraction and purification of bioactive natural products namely capsanthin and capsaicinoids from chili/paprika.

 Identification and characterization of the phytochemicals by GC-MS/LC-MS

1. To prepare standardized solutions. 
2. To determine the neutralization point of acid-base and strength of solution, the composition of a mixture of acetic acid and hydrochloric acid by the conductance measurements.  
3. To determine the equivalent conductance of a strong electrolyte at several concentrations, of a weak electrolyte at infinite dilution  and  verify Onsagar’sequation and Kohlrausch law respectively
4. To determine the solubility of salt by conductance measurement.
5.  Titrations of acids and bases using glass electrode.
6. To determine strength of unknown solution of HCl titrating it with NaOH solution using pH meter.
7. To determine λmax of 1% CuSO4 solution using single beam UV Spectrophotometer.
8. To determine the molar extinction coefficient and verification of additivity of optical density.
9. To determine concentration of given solution spectrophotometrically.
10. To study the complex ion formation by Job’s method.
11. To determine the concentration of metal ions in various samples by Flame photometery AAS and ICAP analyses.
12. To determine the molecular weight of non-volatile substance (glucose, urea, etc.) cryoscopically using water as the solvent and molecular weight of the given substance (glucose, urea etc.) by ebullioscopy.
13. To separate a mixture of potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate by column chromatography.
14. To find Rf value and identify amino acids present in a given mixture with the help of thin layer chromatography.
15. Investigate the adsorption of acetic acid, oxalic acid from aqueous solution by activated charcoal and examine the validity of Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm. 
16. To determine the specific rotation of given solution. 
17. To determine the refractive index of given liquids and some common reagents by Abbe’s refractometer and find the specific and molar refraction. 
18. To determine the percentage composition of given liquid mixture by refractometer. 
19. Calculate value of the atomic refraction of C, H and Cl.
20. To determine the electron polarisation and electron polarisability of a liquid refractometrically.
21. To determine the rate constant of hydrolysis of an ester such as methyl acetate catalysed by an acid, say 0.5 M HCl and also the activation of the reaction.
22. Determination of surface tension of given liquid by drop number method by stalagmometer. 
23. To compare cleansing action of two different detergents by surface tension method.
24. To determine coefficient of viscosity of given liquid by Ostwald’s viscometer and molecular weight of polymer by viscosity measurements.

Block 1: Chemical Kinetics

Unit 1: Kinetics of reactions

Rate equation, order of a reaction, integration of rate expressions, half-life time, methods for determining order of reaction, steady state approximation, effect of temperature on reaction rates, Arrhenius equation.

Unit 2: Theories of reaction rates

Collision theory, transition state theory, comparison of collison and transition state theory,theory of unimolecular reactions, Lindemann’s mechanism

Unit 3:  Kinetics of fast and complex reactions   

Relaxations, stop-flow and flash photolysis techniques, mechanism of free radical reactions, hydrogen-bromine reaction, photochemical decomposition, polymerization, explosion, ionic reactions. Complex reactions-electron transfer reactions, consecutive, opposing reactions, kinetics of catalytic reactions.

Unit 4:  Catalysis

Acid base catalysis, effect of pH, salt effects, enzyme catalysis, factors affecting enzyme catalysis, Michaelis-Menten equation

Block 2: Surface Chemistry

Unit 1: Adsorption by solids

Types of adsorption factors affecting adsorption, Freundlich, Langmuir and  BET adsorption isotherm, parameters of isotherms and their significance, linear and non linear modelling, chemical sorption, application of adsorption.

Unit 2: Kinetics of surface reaction

 Heterogeneous catalysis, surface catalyzed reactions, retarded surface reactions, temporary and permanent catalytic poisons, modelling of kinetic data using pseudo first order, second order Elovich and intraparticle model, activation energy for surface reactions.

Practicals

1. Separation and identification of the components of a binary organic mixture like phenols/carboxylic acids, ketones/aldehydes, carbohydrates, aromatic amines, amides, ureas and anilides, aromatic hydrocarbons and their halo- derivatives. 
2. Synthesis of 2-phenylindole using Fischer Indole synthesis reaction. 
3. Acetylation of glucose: Preparation of α-D-glucose pentacetate and β-D-glucose pentacetate. 
4. Synthesis of p-nitroaniline from acetanilide. 
5. Preparation of 1,2-dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazole-3-one) (antipyrine) and discussion about its pharmacology.
6. Solvent-free Cannizzaro reaction of benzaldehyde. 
7. Quantitative analysis of phenol, aniline.
8. Isolation of essential oils from rose, ajwain, mentha and eucalyptus.

Block 1: Agrochemicals and Trade Statistics

Unit 1: Agrochemicals and pest management

Definition of pests and pesticides, Synthetic and natural plant protection chemicals – historyand classification, House-hold pesticides, Non-pesticidal agrochemicals like nitrificationinhibitors, chemical hybridizing agents, hydrogels, soil conditioners, and plant growthstimulants, Pesticide toxicity (LD50, LD90, LC50, EC50, I50), Pesticide antidotes. Safetyprecautions in pesticide application, Introduction to integrated pest management (IPM)

Unit 2: Pesticide production, consumption and trade statistics

Pesticide production and consumption in India and other countries, Pesticide export and import.

Block 2: Pesticide groups

Unit 1: Botanical and biopesticides

History of botanical and biopesticide use, Structure, properties, and use of conventional botanical insecticides – nicotine, pyrethrins, rotenones and neem limonoids. Plant allelochemicals, Biopesticides and bioagents.

Unit 2: Synthetic pesticides

History of synthetic pesticidese, Structure, properties, and uses of insecticides organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, fungicides (inorganic and organic), nematicides, rodenticides, herbicides, and plant growth regulators (PGR)

Block 3: Pesticide formulation

Unit 1: Solid and liquid formulations

Formulation of pesticides- objective and classification, Conventional solid and liquid formulations such as EC, WP, Dust, Granule etc. Physico-chemical properties of formulations

Unit 2: Role of adjuvants in pesticide formulations

Pesticide adjuvants like synergists, stabilizers and surfactants, Pesticide carriers and diluents General methods of preparation of solid and liquid formulations

Block 4: Pesticide Residues, their Adverse Effects and Safe Disposal

Unit 1: Pesticide residues in food and the environment

Pesticide residue – definition and significance, Pesticide residues in food commodities and in water, air and in soil environment

Unit 2: Adverse effect of pesticides on non-target organisms

Adverse effects of pesticides on human health, soil health, and on non-target organisms

Unit 3: Safe disposal of pesticides

Various techniques for disposal of unused, obsolete, and expired pesticides and their solid and liquid formulations, Disposal of pesticide containers.

Practicals

1. To determine the different chemical safety/ hazard symbols and to understand different aspects of safe use and handling of the pesticides.
2. To understand the nature and form of commercially available pesticides.
3. To calculate the active ingredient(a.i.) and active ingredient percentage (a.i. %) of the given formulation of pesticide for the given area of the field.
4. To prepare solid formulations: wettable powder (WP)/granules (G)/WDG/WSG.
5. Preparation and characterization of nanopesticideformulations.
6. To collect, store and prepare samples for pesticide residue analysis.
7. To identify different types of fertilizers.
8. To determine the nitrogen content in a given sample of diammonium phosphate fertilizer.

Block 1: Name Reactions

Unit 1:  Different name reactions and their mechanisms

Knoevenagel, Claisen, Deckmann,Mannich, Benzoin, Perkin and Stobbe reactions, Wurtz reaction, Kolbe reaction, Corey-House reaction, Birch reduction,Michael,Gatterman synthesis, Hauben-Hoesch reaction, Laderer-Manasse reaction and Reimen-Tiemannreaction,Reformatskyreaction,Wiliamson ether synthesis, Clemmensen,Wolff-Kishner, Mannich reaction. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones, Cannizzaro reaction. Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reaction, Acetoacetic, Malonic ester and Grignard synthesis. Arndt Eistert, Wittig reactions, Aldol condensation, Hofmann reaction

Block 2: Rearrangements

Unit 1: General mechanistic consideration

Nature of migration, migratory aptitude, memoryeffects. 

Unit 2: Detailed study of the rearrangements along with mechanistic approach

Pinacol-pinacolone, Wagner-Meerwein, Demjanov, Benzil-Benzilic acid, Favorskii, Arndt-Eistert synthesis, Neber,Beckmann, Hofman, Curtius, Schmidt, Shapiro reaction, Fries rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement of allyl aryl ethers,  Benzidine rearrangements

Block 3: Reagents

Unit 1: Reagents in Organic synthesis

Cu, Zn, Mg, Li, ZnCl2 AlCl3Al(OR)3, LiAlH4, Na, RONa, Ni, SeO2, BX3, NaBH4, CH2N2,Leadtetraacetate, HIO4. 

Block 4: Photochemistry

Unit 1: Introduction to photochemical reactions and their mechanism

Importance of photochemistry, Laws of photochemistry, photochemical energy, electronic excitation, excited states, modes of dissipation of energy, energy transfer, quantum efficiency

Unit 2: Photochemistry of alkenes, carbonyl and aromatic compounds

Alkenes: cis-trans isomerization, sensitized cis-trans isomerization, Schenck mechanism,Hydrogen abstraction and addition reactions of olefins, dimerization of olefins and dienes, rearrangement in olefinic systems.

Carbonyl compounds: Norrish type I and Norrish type II fragmentation, elimination reactions, deconjugation reaction, other hydrogen transfer reactions, oxetane formation. excited states of enones, hydrogen abstraction reactions of enones, cyclohexanone and cyclohexadienones rearrangements,

Aromatic compounds: Excited state transformations of benzene, addition reactions, photosubstitution reactions,

Unit 3: Miscellaneous Photochemical Reactions

Photo-fries reaction of aryl ester and anilides, Barton reaction, photochemical formation of smog, photodegradation of polymers

Block 1: Pesticide Registration in India

Unit 1: The Insecticides Act (1968) and Rules (1971)

Provisions of the Insecticides Act 1968 and Insecticides Rules 1971, Schedule of the Insecticide Act. Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage (DPPQ&S), Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee (CIB&RC), Guidelines for production and use of pesticides

Unit 2: Food Safety and Standard Act (2006) & Rules (2011)

Provisions of the Food Safety and Standard Act (2006) & rules (2011), Acts relating to protection of air, water and the general environment

Unit 3: Pesticide Registration in India

Requirement of data (Chemistry, Bioefficacy, Residue, Toxicology, Packaging etc) for pesticide registration in the country, Guidelines for pesticide export and import, Current status of registered, restricted, and banned pesticides in India

Block 2: National/ International Guidelines for Safe Use of Pesticides

Unit 1: Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)

Definition of GAP and GLP, National and international guidelines for GAP, and GLP

Unit 2: International Guidelines for Safe Use of Pesticides

WHO/FAO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR), Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) EU and EPA guidelines for food safety, Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and food safety 19

Block 3: Quality Control, Quality Assurance and Accreditation

Unit 1: Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Pesticide Analysis

Spurious/ fake pesticides and pesticide formulations, Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) Quality control procedures for pesticide residue analysis, Problems related to pesticide residue analysis in a regulatory laboratory

Unit 2: Accreditation of Laboratories

Accreditation and its importance, General criteria for accreditation of chemical and food laboratories, Introduction to ISO/IEC 17025. NABL and GLP compliance of laboratories, Role of International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) and Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (APLAC) in promoting accreditation recognition arrangements (MRAs) and practices

Block 1: Aromaticity

Unit I: Aromaticity

Benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds – generation and reactions

Block 2: Protecting Groups and Introduction of Functional Groups of Remote Position

Unit 1: Role of protective groups in structural and synthetic studies

Alcohol, amine, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, phosphate and terminal alkyne protecting groups

Unit 2: Procedure for the introduction of functional groups of remote positions

Introduction, need of remote functionalization, synthetic methodology, radical centred mechanism, enzymatic C-H bond activation, metal catalysis

Block 3: Recent Advances in Organic Chemistry

Unit 1: Recent bis and tris annulation reactions

Introduction, importance, mono, bis and tris annulation, Robinson annulation, drawbacks

Unit 2: Recent oxidative and reductive techniques and their use in organic synthesis

Oxidation of hydrocarbons, alcohols and ketones, catalytic hydrogenation, reduction by dissolving metals, reduction by hydride transfer, enzyme catalysed reduction, Wolff-Kishner reduction, reduction with diimide and trialkylsilanes.

Block 4: Retrosynthesis

Unit 1: Retrosynthetic Analysis

Synthesis backwards, disconnections, synthons, multiple step syntheses, functional group interconversions, C-C disconnections, available starting materials, donor and acceptor synthons, two group C-C disconnections, 1,5 related functional groups, natural reactivity and umpolung

Block 5: Asymmetric Synthesis

Unit 1: Asymmetric synthesis and catalysis

Chiral pool, resolution of two enantiomers, chiral auxiliaries, chiral reagents, asymmetric catalysis, asymmetric formation of C-C bond, asymmetric aldol reaction

Unit 2: Diastereoselectivity

Prochirality, diastereoselective additions to carbonyl groups, stereoselective reactions of acyclic alkenes, stereoselective aldol reaction, single enantiomers from diastereoselective reactions

Unit 3: Stereoselectivity in cyclic molecules

Stereochemical control in six membered rings, stereoselectivity in bicyclic compounds, reactions with cyclic intermediates

Block 6: Group Theory

Unit 1: Principles of group theory

Concept of symmetry in molecules, symmetry elements, molecular point groups in low and high symmetry, molecules of special symmetry, notation of point groups, systematic assignment of point groups, groups, subgroups, classes, group multiplication tables, matrix representation of symmetry elements and point groups, character tables, reducible and irreducible representations, Mulliken symbolism rules, standard reduction formula, the direct product

Unit 2: Applications to spectroscopy and quantum mechanics

Symmetry of normal modes of molecules, IR and Raman active modes 

Block 7: Organometallics

Unit 1: Metal carbon bond and catalysis

Alkene hydrogenation, Tolman catalytic loops, Synthesis gas, hydroformylation, Monsanto acetic acid process, Wacker process, Synthetic Gasoline, immobilized homogeneous catalysts, platinum pop, Stille coupling, Suzuki, Negishi, Hiyama, Sonogashira, Kumada and Heck coupling reactions.

Block 8: Interdisciplinary Topics

Unit 1: Chemistry of nanoscience and technology

Classification of nanomaterials on the basis of material and size, Methods for characterization of nanoparticles, Electron microscopy, X-Ray diffraction, SEM, TEM, XPS, AES etc.

Unit 2: Supramolecular Chemistry

Concepts, building blocks and applications

Block 1: Structure and Defects in Solids

Unit 1: Crystal structure

Unit cell and crystal structures, Bravais Lattice, Miller indices, d-spacing formula, Density of crystals, Close packing cubic and hexagonal, Important structures

Unit 2: Crystal defects

Perfect and imperfect, Types of defects, Point, line and area defects, dislocation in solids

Block 2: Bonding and Properties of Solids

Unit 1: Different types of bondings

Ionic, Covalent, Metallic, Vander Walls’s and hydrogen bonding, Band structure of solids

Unit 2: Electrical properties

Conductivity, Specific conductivity, Semiconductors, Ionic conductance, Dielectric properties, Pyro electrics, Ferro electrics, Pyzo electrics materials

Unit 3: Magnetic properties

Magnetic materials, Cause and consequences of magnetism, Recent applications of magnetic materials

Unit 4: Optical properties

Scattering process, Luminescence, Phosphorescence, Photo detectors, Optical fibres, Photovoltaic

Block 3: Characterization Techniques

Unit 1: XRD

Difference between X-ray crystallography and X-ray powder pattern, Basic principle and recent applications of XRD, Line broadening, XRD characterization of materials

Unit 2: Mӧssbauer spectroscopy

Principle and applications in iron and tin compounds

Unit 3: ESR spectroscopy

Basic principle and applications of ESR, TG, DTG and DSC techniques

Unit 4: Thermal analysis

Basic principle and applications of TG, DTG and DSC techniques

Block 4: Functional Materials

Unit 1: Low dimensional solids

Structure and applications of TiO2, ZnO, graphene, MXenes and glasses

Unit 2: Oxides and glasses

Structure and recent application of transition metal oxides, Structure and properties of glass, application of different glasses

Block 1: Introduction to Coordination Complexes 

Unit 1: Organometallic Compounds

Organometallic compounds of group 2,12,13,14,15 and transition metals, bonding, aromatic character and reactions of ferrocene, 18 electron rule, concept of isolobality.

Block 2: Bonding in Organometallics

Unit 1: Bonding in carboranes

Chemistry of boranes- reaction with Lewis bases, electrophilic substitution, synthesis of boron hydrides, carboranesandmetallocarboranes. 

Unit 2: Bonding with Carbonyls

Wade’s rule, mononuclear metal carbonyls, IR spectra, geometry, bond order of metal carbonyls, difference between terminal and bridging carbonyl group, Carbonyls of Ni, Pd, Pt.

Unit 3: Bonding with saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons

Synthesis and structure of metal alkyls, metal aryls, metal carbonyls, metal carbenes and metal carbines.

Block 3: Reaction Pathways of Organometallics

Unit 1: Various reactions of organometallics

Reaction pathways-association reactions, Substitution reactions, addition and elimination reactions, rearrangement reactions.

Block 4: catalysis

Unit 1: Catalysis -I

Reduction of CO, synthesis of oxygenated compounds, carbonylation reactions; Monsanto acetic acid synthesis, Eastman acetic anhydride synthesis, Cativa process, Reductive carbonylation, decarbonylation.

Unit 2: Catalysis -II

Metathesis of olefins, mechanism, metathesis of alkene using Fischer carbene complexes, Schrock carbene complexes, and main and transition metal complexes with stable N-hetrocyclic carbene ligand. Metathesis of cycloalkenes, metathesis of acyclic dienes, olefin cross metathesis, ring opening and ring closing metathesis, ring opening metathesis polymerization; mechanism and its utility. Metathesis of alkynes; mechanism, enyne metathesis, application of alkynes metathesis, alkyne cross metathesis. Use of catalyst for oxygen transfer reaction from peroxo and oxo complexes. Use of Cu (I) catalyst for alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction.

Block 5: Spectroscopy in Structural Elucidation

Unit 1: Mössbauer Spectroscopy

Introduction, Resonance fluorescence and absorption in nuclei, Mössbauer effect, instrumentation for Mössbauer spectroscopy, hyperfine interactions and Mössbauer parameters (Electric monopole interaction : isomer shift, Electric Quadrupole interaction : quadrupole splitting, Magnetic dipole interaction : magnetic splitting). Mössbauer spectra of Fe-57 and Sn-119, Chemical applications of Mossbauer spectroscop

Unit 2: Nuclear Chemistry

Nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, radio-analytical techniques and activation analysis. 

Unit 3: Electronic spectroscopy- I

Recaptulation of crystal field theory, the free ion, free ion terms, spin-orbit coupling, free ions in week field, effect of cubic crystal on S, P, D, F, G, H and I terms, thermodynamic aspects of crystal fields, crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE), lattice energy and CFSE, free ion terms in medium and strong fields, strong field terms, transition from weak to string field, term energy levels diagrams, Tanabe-Sugano diagrams 

Unit 4: Electronic spectroscopy-II

Molecular orbital theory of complex ions, elementary molecular orbital theory, bonding in octahedral and tetrahedral complexes, electronic spectra of complex ions, selection rules and band widths, spectra of aqueous metal solutions, spectra of spin free and spin paired octahedral 19 complexes, spectra of distorted octahedral and tetrahedral complexes, spetrochemical and nephlauxetic series, charge transfer spectra. Spectral and magnetic properties of square planar, square pyramidal and other complexes.

Block 1: Organic Reaction Mechanisms

Unit 1: General introduction about organic reactions

Organic reaction mechanisms involving addition, elimination and substitution reactions with electrophilic, nucleophilic or radical species. Determination of reaction pathways.

Block 2: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Unit 1: Proton Magnetic Resonance

Natural abundance of 13C, 19F and 31P nuclei; The spinning nucleus, effect of external magnetic field, precessional motion and frequency, Energy transitions, Chemical shift and its measurements. Factors influencing chemical shift, anisotropic effect; Integrals of protons, proton exchange, spin-spin coupling- splitting theory, one, two and three bond coupling, virtual, long range and allylic coupling, magnitude of coupling constant; factors affecting the coupling constant, Chemical and magnetic equivalence, First and second order spectra, A2, AB, AX, AB2, AX2, A2B2 and A2X2 spin systems, Simplification of complex spectra (solvent effect, field effect, double resonance), CW and FT NMR, Relaxation processes, T1 and T2 measurements, Applications of PMR in structural elucidation of simple and complex compounds.

Unit 2: 13C-NMR Spectroscopy

Resolution and multiplicity of 13C NMR, 1H-decoupling, noise decoupling, broad band decoupling; Deuterium, fluorine and phosphorus coupling; NOE and origin of nuclear overhauser effect. Off-resonance, proton decoupling, Structural applications of 13C-NMR, pulse sequences, pulse widths, spins and magnetization vectors, DEPT, INEPT

Unit 3: Introduction to 2D-NMR, COSY, NOESY, HSQC spectra 

Introduction to 2D-NMR, COSY, NOESY, HSQC spectra 

Unit 4: Lanthanide induced shift reagents

Role of lanthanide induced shift reagents.

Block 3: Infra Red Spectroscopy, Uv-Visible Spectroscopy And Mass Spectrometry

Unit 1:  Infra red spectroscopy

Harmonic and anharmonic oscillators, absorptions of radiation by molecular vibrations, selection rules, force constant, frequency of vibrational transitions of HCl, vibrations in a polyatomic molecule, 3N-6 and 3N-5 rules, types of vibrations, overtones, combination and difference bands, examples of CO2, SO2 and H2O, Fermi resonance, group vibrations.

Unit 2: UV and Visible Spectroscopy of organic molecules

Measurement techniques, Beer – Lambert’s Law, molar extinction coefficient, oscillator strength and intensity of the electronic transition, Frank Condon Principle, Ground and first excited electronic states of diatomic molecules, relationship of potential energy curves to electronic spectra, Chromophores, auxochromes, blue shift, red shift, hypo and hyperchromic effect, n transitions in organic molecules, Woodward rules for conjugated dienes and - unsaturated carbonyl groups, extended conjugation and aromatic sterically hindered systems, Quantitative applications.

Unit 3: Mass Spectrometry

Introduction, methods of ionization EI & CI, Brief description of LD, FAB, SIMS, FD etc., Ion analysis methods (in brief), isotope abundance, Metastable ions, general rules predicting the fragmentation patterns. Nitrogen rule, determination of molecular ion peak, index of H deficiency, fragmentation patterns for aliphatic compounds, amines, aldehydes, Ketons, esters, amides, nitriles, carboxylic acids ethers, aromatic compounds etc.

Block 4: Structure Determination Of Organic Compounds

Unit 1: Structure determination of organic compounds by spectroscopic techniques

Structure determination of organic compounds by IR, UV-Vis, 1 H & 13C NMR and Mass spectroscopic techniques.

Practicals

• Isolation and characterization of curcumin isolated from turmeric.
• Solvent free Cannizaro reaction using 2- chlorobenzaldehyde.
• Synthesis of Benzalacetopenone.
• Michael addition of aniline to benzalacetophenone.
• Epoxidation of benzalacetophenone to its epoxide.
• NMR study of keto-enol tautomerism in carbonyl compounds.
• Reduction of 3- nitroacetophenone using i) NaBH4 ii) using Sn and HCl.
• Identification of the products with NMR, UV, IR spectra. Study of complex formation using job’s method.
• Monitoring the progress of reaction using TLC and HPTLC.
• Interpretation of organic compounds using UV-Vis spectroscopy
• Identification of different functionalgroups in different organic compounds using IR spectroscopy.
• Elucidation of the structure of organic compounds using 1H NMR, C13 NMR spectroscopy.
• Identification and structure elucidation using Mass spectrometry.
• Identification and structure elucidation using GC-MS/LC-MS.

Identifictaion of pesticide residue using GC/HPLC.

Block 1: Introduction about Crystals

Unit 1: Crystal Systems

Types of lattices, lattice energy, point groups and space groups, symmetry parameters.

Unit 2: Symmetry of crystals

Symmetry of crystals, crystal system, classes of crystals

Block 2: Crystal Structure Determination

Unit 1: Diffraction Techniques

Introduction to determination of crystal structure by X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction and neutron diffraction techniques

Block 3: Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics

Unit 1: Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics, Laws of thermodynamics, classical thermodynamics, statitstical thermodynamics

Unit 2: Kinetics

Kinetics and Spontaneity of reaction, Application of kinetics in the prediction of rate of chemical reactions

Safety measures while working in lab.

2.  Handling of chemical substances. 

3. Use of burettes, pipettes, measuring cylinders, flasks, separatory funnel, condensers, micropipettes and vaccupets. 

4. Washing, drying and sterilization of glassware and drying of solvents/chemicals. 

5. Weighing and preparation of solutions of different strengths and their dilution. 

6. Handling techniques of solutions.

7. Preparation of different agro-chemical doses in field and pot applications. 

8. Preparation of solutions of acids and neutralisation of acid and bases. 

9. Preparation of buffers of different strengths and pH values. 

10. Use and handling of microscope, laminar flow, vacuum pumps, viscometer, thermometer, magnetic stirrer, micro-ovens, incubators, sandbath, waterbath, oilbath. 

11. Electric wiring and earthing. 

12. Preparation of media and methods of sterilization. 

13. Seed viability testing, testing of pollen viability and tissue culture of crop plants. 

14. Description of flowering plants in botanical terms in relation to taxonomy.