Academic Programme

PG Courses- M.Sc. Sem I Course No. Course Title Cr. Hr. Zoo.-501* Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Animals 3+1 Zoo.-502* Cell and Developmental Biology 2+1 Zoo.-504* Animal Ecology and Bioresource Management. 2+1 Zoo.-508 Biology and Management of Birds 2+1 Zoo.-511 Animal Biotechnology 2+1 Zoo 513 Fish Production Technology 2+1 Zoo.-591 Seminar 1+0 Ph. D. Zoo. 606 Advances in Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates 2+0 Zoo. 607 Advances in Reproductive Biology of Vertebrates 2+0 Zoo.608 Molecular Endocrinology 2+0 Zoo.610 Advances in Mammalian Pest Management 2+0 Zoo.605 Animal Genomics 2+0 Zoo.609 Advances in Biology and Management of Birds 2+0 Zoo. 611 Advances in Parasitology 2+0 Zoo. 612 Applied Freshwater Ecology 2+0 Zoo. 613 Advances in Fish Production Technology 2+0 Zoo. 614 Advances in Fish Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology 2+0 Sem II M. Sc. Zoo.-503* Biosystematics and Biodiversity 1+1 Zoo.-505* Animal Behaviour and Wildlife Management 1+1 Zoo.-506 Life History and Reproductive Strategies of Invertebrates 2+1 Zoo.-507 Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology and Reproduction 2+1 Zoo.-509 Biology and Management of Mammalian Pests 2+1 Zoo.-510 Parasitology 2+1 Zoo.-591 Seminar 1+0 Ph. D. Zoo. 601 Advances in Cell and Developmental Biology 2+0 Zoo. 602 Advances in Animal Ecology, Behaviour and Bioresource Management 3+0 Zoo. 603 Advances in Animal Biotechnology 2+0 Zoo. 604 Advances in Biodiversity and Biosystematics 2+0 * Core courses

Postgraduate Courses  Zoo. 501 Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Animals 3+1 Sem. I Functional anatomy and physiology of digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, muscular, nervous, sensory, endocrine and reproductive systems of animals. Active transport across membrane. Nutrition, digestion and absorption. Respiration – its types, regulation, breathing mechanism, sites of gas exchange, respiratory pigments and their oxygen carrying capacity. Circulation (open and closed), lymphatic systems, blood composition and functions. Muscular contraction  and  electric  organs.  Excretion  and  osmoregulation.  Nerve  conduction  and neurotransmitters. Major sense organs and receptors. Homeostasis (neural and hormonal). Stress physiology. Reproductive patterns in animals. Bioluminescence. Practical: Study of endo- and exo-skeletal structures. Histology of different organs. Anatomy of rat and invertebrate types. Demonstration of activity of digestive enzymes (Amylase, Protease, Lipase). Haematological tests – PCV, DLC, TLC and RBC count. Haemoglobin estimation. Demonstration of pneumostatic recording of respiratory movements. Experiments on Q10 basal metabolic rate and osmosis. Zoo. 502 Cell and Developmental Biology   2+1  Sem. I Structure of pro- and eukaryotic cells. Membrane structure and functions. Intracellular compartments, protein sorting, secretory and endocytic pathways. Cytoskeleton. Nucleus. Mitochondria and chloroplast and their genetic organization. Cell cycle. Cell-cell interactions and signal transduction. Structure and organization of chromatin, polytene and lampbrush chromosomes. Dosage compensation and sex determination. Sex-linked inheritance. Gametogenesis. Molecular events during fertilization. Cleavage patterns and fate maps. Concepts of sex determination, competence and induction, totipotency and nuclear transfer experiments. Cell differentiation and differential gene activity. Morphogenetic determinants in egg cytoplasm and morphogenesis. Role of maternal contributions in early embryonic development. Genetic regulations in early embryonic development in Drosophila – Homeotic genes. Teratology. Transgenic mice and their medical implications. Practical: Isolations, fractionation and study of various cell organelles. Demonstration of membrane permeability and transport properties. Permanent microscopic preparations of cell organelles. Estimation of cell size and number. Chromosomal preparations and banding techniques. Use of spectrophotometry and fluorescent microscopy. Study of gametogenesis, cleavage and gastrulation in mammals. Zoo. 503 Biosystematics and Biodiversity  1+1  Sem. II Biological nomenclature and theories of biological classification. Modern trends in systematics – structural, biochemical and molecular aspects. DNA fingerprinting and numerical taxonomy. Biodiversity – characterization, magnitude and distribution emphasizing their role as bioindicators of habitat quality, generation, maintenance and loss. Economic value. Human impact and biodiversity. Diversity and conservation of Punjab fauna. Conservation strategies. Role of NGOs in biodiversity conservation. Practical: Identification of important animals using conventional taxonomic keys and modern molecular methods. Sampling, extraction methods and identification of soil fauna. Zoo. 504 Animal Ecology and Bioresource Management  2+1  Sem. I Interactions between animals and environment. Concept of habitat and niches. Flow of energy, food chain, food web and trophic levels, ecological pyramids and recycling of materials. Biotic community and its dynamics. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Carbon and Sulfur cycles in nature. Ecosystem dynamics, stability and complexity of ecosystems. Population ecology and biological control. Biological rhythms. Degradation of major terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the world. Renewable and non-renewable energy sources and their conservation. Environmental impact assessment. Management of environment and sustainable development. Practical: Population estimates by capture – marked – recapture, (multiple and single) census. Major abiotic environmental factors. Weather elements and their recording climatographs. Succession in aquatic ecosystem. Food spectrum. Zoo. 505 Animal Behaviour and Wildlife Management  1+1 Sem. II Behavioural patterns and their regulation. Feeding, learning, social and sexual behaviours. Parental care. Biological rhythms. Mimicry, dispersal and migration. Background and current status of wildlife management and conservation in India. Biographical notes on important wild animals. Habitat management. Wildlife damage control and mitigating human wildlife conflict. Captive wildlife and wildlife census. Wildlife Protection Act and wildlife projects.  Conservation principles and strategies. Wildlife in relation to agriculture. Practical: Demonstrations of fixed action patterns. Maze experiments on animal learning. Food preference. Behaviour of estrous females. Nest building behaviour and mate choice in birds. Identification of wildlife species and preparation of inventory. Economic evaluation of wildlife areas. To study management practices. Visit to Zoo and sanctuaries. Zoo. 506 Life History and Reproductive Strategies of Invertebrates  2+1 Sem. II Life histories of major groups of invertebrates and selection mechanism of population regulation. Reproductive patterns in invertebrates – asexual methods and their environmental regulation, sex differentiation and development of reproductive organs. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis and their neuroendocrine regulation. Fertilization and egg production. Alternation of generations, metamorphosis and parthenogenesis. Practical: Study of asexual reproduction, gametogenesis, gametes and accessory reproductive organs. Demonstration of neurosecretory cells in invertebrates. Zoo. 507 Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology and Reproduction 2+1 Sem. II Neuroendocrine regulation, structure, secretion and functions of endocrine glands. Mechanisms of hormone action. Reproductive patterns and their evolution in vertebrates. Environmental regulation of reproductive cyclicity. Sex determination. Hormonal regulation of gametogenesis and ovulation. Gamete maturation, fertilization, implantation, pregnancy, parturition, lactation, fertility and its regulation. Practical: Study of different endocrine glands and reproductive organs. Demonstration of methods of hormone assay. Qualitative and quantitative study of steroid biosynthesis (key enzymes, lipids, cholesterol). Determination of sperm concentration and motility. Study of estrous cycle in rat. Induction of sperm capacitation in vitro. Zoo. 508 Biology and Management of Birds 2+1 Sem. I Origin and evolution of birds. Adaptations for flight. General survey and zoogeography. Skin, scales, feathers and moulting. Types and aerodynamics of flight. Feeding habits. Birds as biological indicators. Reproduction – courtship and mating habits, nests, eggs, incubation, brood parasitism. Brooding and care of young. Population dynamics. Migration and homing. Reproductive and behavioural manipulations for management of birds. Relationship with man – useful and harmful aspects. Management of birds with particular reference to agriculture. Practical: Survey of birds of agricultural importance. Types of nests and nesting sites. Bird census. Population estimation parameters. Mapping of nesting/roosting sites. Capturing and marking methods. Nesting and perching provision. Estimation of damages by birds and demonstration of methods for their management. Zoo. 509 Biology and Management of Mammalian Pests 2+1 Sem. II Mammalian pests, their classification and status. Biotic and abiotic factors affecting population dynamics, demography patterns and r & k selection strategies. Morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations. Foraging strategies, habitat selection, social organization and mate selection. Principles of mammalian pest management, risk assessment, impact on environment, pest control legislation and policies. Rodent pests of agricultural crops and stored products, their biology and habitat analysis. Population and damage assessment. Rodent pest management strategies – types of rodenticides and their mode of action, repellents/antifeedants, fertility control using synthetic chemicals and plant products, immunocontraception, mechanical control, environmental control, biological control and use of synthetic pheromones and predatory cues. Integration of different pest management strategies. Practical: Collection, identification and preservation of rodent pests, estimation of population by different methods, damage assessment methods in different crop fields, burrow structure and methods of control with special reference to agriculture. Zoo. 510 Parasitology 2+1 Sem. II Introduction to parasitology. Morphology and life cycles of protozoan and helminth parasites of economic importance including Zoo and wild animals. Life cycle and control of arthropod and mollusc vectors. Diagnosis and control of parasitic infections. Immunity to parasites. In vitro culture of parasites. Conventional and novel methods of control of protozoan and helminth parasites and vectors. Effect of climate change on proliferation and transmission of parasites. Practical: Methods of collection, preservation and identification of protozoan and helminth parasites and arthropod vectors. Diagnosis of parasitic infections – conventional and immunological methods. Zoo. 511 Animal Biotechnology 2+1 Sem. I History and scope of biotechnology. Brief review of concepts and trends in cell, tissue and organ culture. Somatic cell hybridization, hybridoma technology, monoclonal antibody production and their application. Introduction to immune system, cellular and humoral immune response, vaccines, methods of vaccine production and antigen-antibody based diagnostic assays. Biotechnologies involved in induced breeding of animals including artificial insemination, superovulation, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Gene mapping, gene cloning and gene transfer. Transgenesis and animal cloning. Application of biotechnology in agriculture, veterinary science, pharmaceutical industry, food industry, chemical industry and environment. Practical: Preparation and sterilization of culture media. In vitro culturing of somatic cells. Basic techniques in hybridoma and monoclonal antibody production. Induction of superovulation and embryo collection in mice. Oocyte maturation and capacitation in vitro. In vitro fertilization. Zoo. 513 Fish Production Technology 2+1 Sem. I Principle of aquaculture. Fish in ponds, cages, pens, raceways, running waters and recirculatory system. Integrated fish farming and recycling of wastes. Pond productivity. Management strategies for increasing fish production in semi-intensive fish culture system. Nutrient requirements of fish. Fish feed formulation and feeding strategies. Non-food aquaculture. Practical: Identification of important cultivable freshwater fish and prawn species. Water and soil quality analysis. Impact of manuring on water quality, plankton production and fish growth. Estimation of pond productivity. Formulation and preparation of balanced fish feed. Proximate analysis of fish feed. Zoo. 601 Advances in Cell and Developmental Biology 2+0 Sem. II Determinants of cell shape and motility. Dynamic state of membranes – replacement and turnover. Membrane potential and action potentials. Membrane receptors and their dynamics. Transport through clathrin-coated and uncoated vesicles. Interaction between cells and their environment. Cell signalling. Extracellular matrix. Gene organization and regulation. DNA damage and repair. Retroviruses and cellular oncogenes. Biology of cells in culture and animal cell lines. Biosensors and bioprobes. Stem cell biology. Somatic cell cloning. Recent aspects of parthenogenesis and chimeras. Gamete differentiation and molecular mechanisms of fertilization, cleavage, differentiation, induction and morphogenesis. Discussion on current advancements. Zoo. 602 Advances in Animal Ecology, Behaviour and Bioresource Management 3+0 Sem. II Energy flow through ecosystems. Biotic factors governing the population growth. Food web and energy flow in wetlands. Diversity and stability in ecosystems and natural communities. Aquatic, terrestrial and atmospheric pollution. Eutrophication. Genetic basis of behavioural patterns, conditioning and nature v/s nurture hypothesis. Mechanism of biological rhythmicity. Social organization, communication mechanisms and basis of cooperation and conflict in animals. Sexuality and mating, reproductive and maternal behaviour in animals. Foraging and refuging systems. Predatory behaviour. Behavioural regulation of animal populations. Major bioresources of the world. Dwindling energy resources and alternatives. Productivity and conservation of resources. Modern concepts in bioresource management. Climate change and bioresource stability. Terrestrial-aquatic ecosystem equilibrium. Principles and applications of remote sensing, GIS and GPS in bioresource management. Role of biotechnology in management of biological resources. Zoo. 603 Advances in Animal Biotechnology 2+0 Sem. II Recent aspects of animal cell culturing techniques. Somatic cell hybridization. Cell lines. Commercial scale production of animal cells and their application for in vitro testing. Conventional and recombinant approaches to vaccine production, hybridoma technology. Immunodiagnostics. Biotechnological approaches to reproduction, superovulation, IVF, embryo culture and embryo transfer. In situ and ex situ preservation of germplasm. Cryopreservation of gametes and embryos, embryo sexing and micromanipulation. In vitro testing of germplasm of foetus for genetic defects. Pregnancy diagnosis kits, antifertility vaccines, gene knock out technology and animal models for human genetic disorders. Transgenic animals and applications. Animal cloning. Conservation of endangered species. Stem cells and their applications, ethical and regulatory issues of stem cells. Zoo. 604 Advances in Biosystematics and Biodiversity 2+0 Sem. II Evolutionary trends in taxonomy. Recent trends in biosystematics. Molecular basis of hereditary mutation. Mechanism of speciation. Application of biotechnological techniques. Macro evolutionary trends- role of adaptations and incidental effect. Emerging views from comparative biology and geology. Biodiversity at genetic, species, ecosystem and landscape levels. Remote sensing in conservation biology. Biotic response to climate change. Phenological changes in animals. Biodiversity depletion and biological invasion. Factors influencing biodiversity. Biodiversity protection laws, treaties and organization. Management of protected areas. Zoo. 605 Animal Genomics 2+0 Sem. I Constituents of the genome, organelle genomes, genes, multigene families and conserved sequences. Coding and non-coding fractions of the genome. Genome sequencing strategies and technologies, conventional approaches, software and informatics for sequencing. STS, EST, SNPs and sequencing length polymorphism. Genetic mapping and technologies – FISH. Outlook of genome sequencing, cDNA projects and cDNA libraries. Expressed sequence tag (EST) – projects for gene identification. Image consortium. Unigene. Functional genomics- positional cloning, microarrays and GFP techniques. Functional analysis of entire genomes. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). Genotypic and phenotypic sequencing in mouse. Genetic diseases and gene therapies. Zoo. 606 Advances in Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates 2+0 Sem. I Evolutionary relationships in reproductive patterns in invertebrates. Asexual reproduction – budding, gemmulation, regeneration, autotomy, grafting, fragmentation and their molecular mechanisms. Sexual dimorphism. Sexual reproduction – patterns of sexuality, gametogenesis and mechanism for the release of gametes. Hermaphroditism. Epitoky. Neuroendocrine control of reproduction. Gamete diversity. Variations in mating. Patterns and molecular mechanisms of fertilization. Larval forms, their dispersal and significance in life-history of animals. Environmental cues and invertebrate reproduction. Effect of UV radiations, xenobiotics and environmental pollutants on reproduction of invertebrates. Zoo. 607 Advances in Reproductive Biology of Vertebrates 2+0 Sem. I Sex determination and differentiation. Origin of germ cells. Neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction. Role of hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic areas in fertility regulation. Hormonal and cellular regulation of spermatogenesis and oogenesis in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Differentiation of the spermatozoan. Cellular and molecular aspects of follicular development and its auto-, para- and endocrine regulation. Mechanism of follicular rupture and release of ovum during ovulation. Post-ovulatory ovarian changes and luteal functions. Structural and functional aspects of male and female reproductive tracts. Sperm and oocyte maturation. Male accessory sex glands, their secretions and composition of the semen. Molecular aspects of fertilization and implantation in various vertebrates. Assisted reproductive techniques. Reproductive cloning, its ethics and application. Discussion on current advancements. Zoo. 608 Molecular Endocrinology 2+0 Sem. I Chemical nature, biosynthesis and mechanism of action of hormones. Hormone receptors. Extrahypothalamic areas. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis and its control over various endocrine glands, structural and functional aspects of gonads, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and other endocrine tissues and mechanisms of their aberrant growth. Endocrine disorders related with fertility, basal metabolism, hypertension, gastrointestinal tract and renal functions. Role of hormones in homeostasis. Functions of prostaglandins, thromboxines and leukotrines. Multiple endocrine neoplasia and humoral manifestations of cancer. Biotechnological advances in endocrinology. Discussion on current advancements. Zoo. 609 Advances in Biology and Management of Birds 2+0 Sem. I Anatomical, physiological and behavioural adaptations in birds. Different feeding systems of birds, energy balance and thermoregulation. Avian reproduction, nesting, egg laying and parental care. Social behaviour and territoriality. Principles underlying bird migration. Bird conservation – local, regional and global issues. Regulation of population of birds, their community structure in different agro-ecosystems and functional role. Demography and energy/resource flow interactions with economic analysis of crop. Pest and pest predator interactions. Problems and economic losses due to birds. Management strategies of avian populations. Biological, cultural, mechanical and chemical methods for the control of bird pests of agriculture. Significance and management of bird predators. Beneficial role of birds in agriculture and their manipulation in biocontrol of insect pests. Zoo. 610 Advances in Mammalian Pest Management 2+0 Sem. I Principles of mammalian pest management, mammalian pests, classification of pests and their status, damages caused, risk assessment and impact on environment. Pest control orders, legislation and policy. Pest population monitoring and estimation, radiotelemetry and global positioning. Rodent pests of agricultural crops and stored products. Mammalian pest management strategies. Chemical control – pesticide laws and regulations, pesticide application and safety, toxicants, repellents, antifeedants and attractants. Types of rodenticides and their mode of action. Fertility control using steroids, chemicals and plant products and immunocontraception. Use of semiochemicals for population regulation. Mechanical control – physical killing and trapping. Environmental control – cultural control and habitat manipulation. Biological control – parasites, pathogens, predators and genetically modified agents. Integrated pest management and transfer of mammalian control technology. Zoo. 611 Advances in Parasitology 2+0 Sem. I Advances in culture of protozoan and helminth parasites. Physiology and molecular biology of protozoan and helminth parasites. Genetic control of parasites. Strategies for the control of parasitic infections – biological, chemical and immunological. Role of arthropod/molluscan vectors in the transmission of diseases. Strategies for the control of vectors and vector-borne diseases. Chemotherapy and mechanism of anthelminthic resistance. Immune evasion strategies of parasites. Molecular basis of host-parasite interactions. Molecular techniques in diagnosis of parasite diseases. New generation vaccines of protozoa. Problem and prospects of helminth vaccines. Zoo. 612 Applied Freshwater Ecology 2+0 Sem. I Community structure and dynamics in lentic and lotic water bodies. Factors influencing community dynamics. Concept of community dynamics indices. Application of basic chemistry principles. Physical, chemical and biological complexes in freshwater ecosystems. Processes controlling elemental cycling in freshwater ecosystems. Soil-water interactions. Availability of nutrients and productivity of aquatic ecosystems. Trophic dynamics in lakes, reservoirs and wetland ecosystems. Horizontal and vertical migrations of plankton. Aquatic pollution. Common transport process of aquatic pollutants like sewage, pesticides, oils, metals, radioactive and biochemical and biomedical wastes etc., in the aquatic environment. Algal blooms and their management. Biodegradation of inland aquatic ecosystems. Current methods of lake and reservoir restoration. Concept and scope of microbial consortia in protection of aquatic environment. Zoo. 613 Advances in Fish Production Technology 2+0  Sem. I Advances in aquaculture technologies. Intensive farming systems. Aquaculture engineering. Aquatic microbiology and its significance in fish production. Water-quality criteria for fish production. Advances in fish nutrition and feed technology. Formulation and preparation of nutrient-dense micro encapsulated high-efficiency aqua feeds. Fish feed additives and anti- nutritional factors. Nutritional fish diseases and their management. Applied aquaculture biotechnology. Computer applications in aquaculture.  Zoo. 614 Advances in Fish Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology 2+0 Sem. I Advances in fish breeding. Selection index methodologies. Transgenics production and GMOs. Applications of genetics in commercial aquaculture. Research methodologies in fish genetics. Advances in cytogenetics. Molecular breeding. Linear models in fish genetics. GeneticBioeconomics of fish production. Safety of aquaculture products. Environmental impact assessme engineering of eukaryotes. Genetic engineering of bacteria and viruses. Biosafety and patent laws. Functional genomics and proteomics. Protein chemistry and engineering. RNAi technology, regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Types of RNA – rRNA, mRNA, tRNA, miRNA, siRNA, shRNA, tncRNA. Gene knock down. Gene knock out. Co- suppression post-transcriptional gene silencing. RNAi in C. elegans. RNAi and origin of heterochromatin. Applications of genetic engineering to aquaculture. Bioprocess technology UG courses

S.No	Course No	Course title
1.	Zoo.51	Fish Production
2.	Bio. 91	Introductory Biology
3.	Bio.92	Cell Structure and Function
4.	Bio.93	Genetics and Evolution/Biology III
5.	Bio.94	Ecology and Environment
6.	Zoo.91	Basics of Animal Physiology
7.	Zoo.92	Animal Reproduction and Human Welfare
8.	Bio.101	Introduction to Biology
9.	Bio.102	Introductory Biology
10.	Bio.103	Biodiversity and its Conservation
11.	Zoo.101	Basic Zoology
12.	Zoo.103	Elementary Human Physiology
13.	Zoo.201	Introduction to Animal Biodiversity
14.	Zoo.203	Introduction to Cell Biology and Immunology
15.	Zoo.204	Introduction to Developmental Biology
16,	Zoo.304	Fundamentals of Animal Physiology
17.	Zoo.310	Fundamentals of Animal Behaviour
18.	Zoo.305	Fundamentals of Animal Ecology
19.	Zoo.306	Basic Experiments in Zoology
20.	Zoo.307	Systematics and Evolution in Animals
21.	Zoo.308	Applied Zoology
22,	Zoo.309	Zootechniques
23.	Zoo.312	Immunology
24.	Zoo.313	Animal Biotechnology
25.	Zoo.401	Form, Structure and Function of Invertebrates
26.	Zoo.402	Form, Structure and Function of Vertebrates
27.	Zoo.403	Cell Biology and Development in Animals
28.	Zoo.404	Environmental Biology and Management

COURSE CONTENTS

Undergraduate courses/Integrated M.Sc. (Hons)
Zoo. 51 Fish Production	1+1	Sem. II
Importance of fish and fisheries. Types of fisheries: capture and culture fishery. Fishing gears and crafts. Scope of Inland fisheries in the agro-climatic regions of Punjab. Survey of fish fauna: indigenous and exotic/introduced species. Fishes of economic importance. Selection of fish for culture purposes. Management of typical fish farm. Fish nutrition and feeding. Techniques of induced breeding and their importance. Production of fish seed. Fish hatcheries and their importance. Economic importance of fish. Fish diseases. Integrated fish farming. Introduction to fish post-harvest technology. Practical: Determination of water quality parameters – turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen etc. Qualitative and quantitative analysis and identification of phyto- and zooplankton. Anatomy of fish, identification of culturable fishes. Fish predators. Fish feeds. Identification of fishing gears/nets. Induced breeding techniques. Production of fish seed. Visit to an operational fish farm.
Bio. 91 Introductory Biology	3+1	Sem. I
Diversity in Living World – What is living, Biodiversity, Need for classification, Three domains of life, Taxonomy & Systematics. Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy, Binomial nomenclature, Tools for study of Taxonomy, Museums and Zoos. Five Kingdom classification – salient features and classification of Monera, Protista and Fungi into major groups. Lichens, Viruses and Viroids. Salient features and classification of plants into major groups – Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperm and Angiosperm (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category). Angiosperms-classification up to class, characteristics features and examples. Structural organization in animals and salient features and classification of Animals – non chordate up to phyla level and chordate up to class level (three to five salient features and at least two examples). Structural organization in plants – morphology and modifications, functions of different parts of flowering plants – root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seed. Inflorescence – cymose and racemose. Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach) (Brief account only). Practical: Study of parts of a compound microscope. Study of the specimens and identification with reasons – Bacteria, Oscillatoria, Spirogura, Rhizopus, mushroom, yeast. Study of the specimens and identification with reasons – liverwort, moss, fern, pine, one monocotyledonous plant, one dicotyledonous plant and one lichen. Study and describe three locally available common flowering plants from each of the following families (Solanaceae, Fabaceae and Liliaceae) including dissection and display of floral whorls, anther and ovary to show number of chambers. Types of root (tap and adventitious), stem (herbaceous and woody) and leaf (arrangement, shape, venation, simple and compound). Study of different modifications in root, stem and leaves. Study and identification of different types of inflorescence. Study of specimens and identification with reasons – Amoeba, Hydra, liverfluke, Ascaris, leech, earthworm, prawn, silkworm, honeybee, snail and starfish. Study of specimens and identification with reasons – shark, rohu, frog, lizard, pigeon and rabbit.
Bio. 92 Cell Structure and Function	3+1	Sem. I
Cell structure and function (Introduction). Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life. Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Plant cell and animal cell – cell membrane and cell wall. Cell organelles structure and function – endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids and microbodies. Cytoskeleton – cilia, flagella and centrioles (Ultrastructure and function). Chemical constituents of living cells:

biomolecules – structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipid and nucleic acids. Enzymes – types, properties and enzyme action. Cell division – cell cycle, meiosis, mitosis and their significance. Plant tissues – anatomy of root, stem and leaf. Animal tissues. Practical: Study of tissues and diversity in shapes and sizes of plant (e.g. palisade cells, guard cells, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem) through temporary/permanent slides. Study of diversity in shapes of animal cells through temporary/permanent slides. Study of tissue – squamous epithelium, muscle fibers and mammalian blood smear through temporary/permanent slides. Study of mitosis in onion root tip cells from permanent slides. Study of mitosis in animal cells (grasshopper) from permanent slides. Preparation and study of T.S. of dicot and monocot roots (primary). Preparation and study of T.S. of dicot and monocot stems (primary).
Bio. 93 Genetics and Evolution/Biology III	3+1	Sem. I
Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance, deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups. Pleiotropy. Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance. Chromosome theory of inheritance. Chromosomes and genes. Sex linked inheritance – haemophilia, colour blindness. Sex determination – in humans, birds and honey bee. Linkage and crossing over. Mendelian disorders in humans – Thalassemia. Chromosomal disorders in humans – Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes. Molecular basis of inheritance: search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material. Structure of DNA and RNA, DNA packaging and DNA replication. Central dogma – Transcription, genetic code, translation. Gene expression and regulation – Lac Operon. Genome and human genome project. DNA finger printing. Evolution: origin of life, biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence). Darwin’s contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution, mechanism of evolution – variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection. Gene flow, genetic drift, Hardy-Weinberg’s principle. Adaptive Radiation, Human evolution. Practical: Study of prepared pedigree charts of genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, widow’s peak, colour blindness. Study of analogous and homologous organs in various animals. Study of Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different size of any plant. Exercise on controlled pollination – Emasculation, tagging and bagging.
Bio. 94 Ecology and Environment  3+1 Sem. I
Ecology and environment. Organisms and environment: habitat and niche. Population and ecological adaptations. Population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation and parasitism. Population attributes – growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. Ecosystems: patterns, components, productivity and decompositions. Energy flow, Pyramids of number, biomass, energy. Nutrients cycling (carbon and phosphorous). Ecological succession. Biodiversity and its conservation: concepts of biodiversity, patterns of biodiversity, importance of biodiversity, loss of biodiversity, biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries. Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book. Environmental issues: air pollution and its control, water pollution and its control, agrochemicals and their effects, solid waste management, radioactive waste management, greenhouse effect and global warming, ozone depletion, deforestation. Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues. Practical: Collection of water from different water bodies and study them for pH clarity and presence of any living organisms. Study of animals found in xerophytic conditions and comment upon their adaptation ecosystem. Study of animals found in aquatic conditions and comment upon their adaptation ecosystem. Identification of common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, ringworm and to study symptoms of diseases that they cause through permanent slides or specimens. Collect soil from different sites and study them for texture and moisture content. Study the pH and water holding capacity of soil correlating with the kinds of plants found in them. Study the presence of any suspended particulate matter in air at the two widely different sites. Study of plant population density by quadratic method. Study of plant population frequency by quadrate method. Study of plants found in xerophytic conditions and comment upon their adaptation ecosystem. Study of plants found in aquatic conditions and comment upon their adaptation ecosystem Zoo. 91 Basics of Animal Physiology3+1 Sem. II Digestion and absorption: alimentary canal and digestive glands, role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones, peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, egestion. Nutritional and digestive disorders- PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhoea. Breathing and respiration: respiratory organs in animals, respiratory system in humans, mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans – exchange of gases, transport of gases, regulation of respiration, respiratory volumes. Disorders related to respiration – asthma, emphysema, occupational respiratory disorders. Body fluids and circulation: composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood, composition of lymph and its function. Human circulatory system – structure of human heart and blood vessels. Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity. Disorders of circulatory system – hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure. Excretory products and their elimination: modes of excretion- ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism. Human excretory system – structure and function, urine formation, osmoregulation, regulation of kidney function – renin-angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus. Role of other organs in excretion. Disorders- uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis, dialysis and artificial kidney. Locomotion and movement: types of movement – ciliary, flagellar, muscular. Skeletal muscle – contractile proteins and muscle contraction. Skeletal system and its functions, joints. Disorders of muscular and skeletal system – myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout. Neural control and coordination: neuron and nerves. Nervous system in humans – central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system. Generation and conduction of nerve impulse, reflex action. Sense organs: sensory perception, elementary structure and function of eye and ear. Chemical coordination and regulation: endocrine glands and hormones. Human endocrine system – hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads. Mechanism of hormone action, role of hormones as messengers and regulators, hypo- and hyperactivity and related disorders (common disorders e.g. dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease). Diseases related to all the human physiology systems in brief. Practical: Test the presence of urea in urine. Detect the presence of sugar in urine/ blood sample. Detect the presence of albumin in urine. Detect the presence of bile salts in urine. General study of human skeleton. Study of skull and jaw bones (upper and lower). Study of ribs. Study of vertebrae. Study of forelimb. Study of hind limb. Zoo. 92 Animal Reproduction and Human Welfare 3+1 Sem. II Reproduction: Human reproduction – male and female reproductive systems, microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary. Gametogenesis – spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Menstrual cycle. Fertilization, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation. Elementary idea of pregnancy and placenta formation, parturition, lactation. Reproductive health: need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD). Birth control – need and methods, contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP). Amniocentesis. Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT. Biotechnology and its applications: principles and processes of biotechnology, genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology). Application of biotechnology in health, human insulin production, gene therapy. Genetically modified organisms – transgenic animals. Biology and human welfare. Health and

diseases: pathogens, parasites causing human diseases (malaria, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring Worm). Basic concepts of immunology. Vaccines, Cancer, HIV and AIDS. Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse. Apiculture and animal husbandry. Microbes in human welfare: in household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. Practical: Study and identify stages of gamete development i.e. T.S. of Testis and T.S. of Ovary through permanent slides. Study of meiosis in grasshopper testis through permanent slides. Study of T.S. of Blastula through permanent slides. Identify Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium and Ringworm – comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause through permanent slides or specimens.
Bio. 101 Introduction to Biology	3+0	Sem. I
Plant kingdom, features of each group, parts of angiospermic plants, morphology of plant parts, pollination and fertilization, fruit and seed. Introduction to photosynthesis and respiration. Process of growth and development. Cell structure, differences between plant and animal cell, cell division and biomolecules. Simple and compound tissues. Functional organization of a mammal. Development of frog upto three germinal layers. Classification and general survey of animal kingdom.
Bio. 102 Introductory Biology	1+1	Sem. I
Introduction to the living world, diversity and characteristics of life, origin of life, evolution and eugenics. Binomial nomenclature and classification. Cell and cell division. Morphology of flowing plants. Seed and seed germination. Plant systematic – viz., Brassicaceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae. Role of animals in agriculture. Practical: Morphology of flowering plants – root, stem and leaf and their modifications. Inflorescence, flower and fruits. Cell, tissues and cell division. Internal structure of root, stem and leaf. Study of specimens and slides. Description of plants – Brassicaceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae.
Bio. 103 Biodiversity and its Conservation	2+0	Sem. II
Concept of biodiversity, bioresource and wildlife management. Conservation strategies – in situ and ex situ conservation – wild life conservation projects in India, protection of biodiversity for its suitable utilization, threats to biodiversity. WCU Red Data book. Biodiversity hotspots in India. National bureaus of genetic resources. Sustainable development. Diversification of crops and cropping system vis a vis maintenance of on farm biodiversity. Centres of origin of crops, diversity of indigenous livestock and crops. Vulnerability and extinction of flora and fauna. Endangered species in various ecosystems, germplasm banks. Environmental impact assessment, bioremediation and biosafety. Introduction to national and international regulatory agencies, legislation and International treaties.
Zoo. 101 Basic Zoology	2+1	Sem. II
Introduction to Zoology. Structure and functions of cell and cell organelles. Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Cell division – mitosis and meiosis. Structure and function of biomolecules. Types of simple and compound tissues. Binomial nomenclature. Classification and general survey of animal kingdom. Functional organization of various systems of a mammal – digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, nervous and reproductive. Laws of inheritance. Multiple allelism (blood groups). Genetic disorders in human and their inheritance. Practical: Study of animal cell structure and cell division. Histological preparation of simple and compound tissues. General survey of animal kingdom up to phyla in invertebrates and up to classes in vertebrates. Demonstration of mammalian anatomy. Blood grouping.

Zoo. 103 Elementary Human Physiology 2+1 Sem I Introduction to anatomy and physiology and structural organization of body. The cell -structure, its organelles, functions and multiplication, different types of cells and their functions. Movement of particles across cell membrane – Active transport and passive transport. Body fluids and its compartments and functions. Water output and input into the body and maintenance of water balance in human body. The tissues – types, structure and their functions. The skeletal system – anatomy and functions, structure, formation and development of bones, different types of bones and types of joints and their movements. Circulatory system: the blood – composition and function, blood clotting and blood grouping, Heart – structure, functions, types of circulatory systems, blood pressure and heart rate and factors affecting it, electrocardiogram. The respiratory system: anatomy, functions, mechanism of breathing and respiratory volumes, gas transport and respiratory adaptation. The digestive system: anatomy and functions of alimentary tract and accessory organs, process of digestion of food, absorption and assimilation of digested food, enzymes involved in digestion of food, liver – structure and functions, pancreas- structure and functions. The urinary system: anatomy and functions, formation and composition of urine. The endocrine system: important ductless glands of the body and their functions. The reproductive system: male reproductive system – anatomy and functions, female reproductive system – anatomy and functions, menstrual cycle. The nervous system: elementary study of anatomy and functions. Sensory organs: anatomy and functions. Glossary of terms used in physiology Practical: Demonstration of animal viscera, identification of systems and organs, identification of cells – epithelial, muscle, nerve etc. Transverse section of stomach, intestine – small and large. Demonstration of specimens of spleen, kidney and brain. Models of excretory and reproductive organs and their histology. Colorimeter. Estimation of RBC count by hemocytometer. Estimation of WBC count by hemocytometer. Differential counting of WBC using peripheral smear. Estimation of PCV, ESR, micro and macro heamatocrit. Estimation of bleeding and clotting time and blood groups. Measurement of pulse rate and blood pressure, its variation with exercise. Testing for sensation, special sensors, measurement of body temperature, diurnal variations.
Zoo. 201 Introduction to Animal Biodiversity	3+0	Sem. I
Description of biodiversity. General characteristics and outline of classification of different animal groups. Locomotion and reproduction in Protista. Skeletal and canal system in Porifera. Metagenesis, polymorphism, corals and coral reefs in Coelenterata. Parasitic adaptations and evolution of parasitism in Helminthes. Coelom, metamerism, excretion and polymorphism in Annelida. Vision, respiration and larval forms in Arthropods. Torsion and de-torsion, shell and respiration in Mollusca. Water vascular system and larval forms in Echinodermata. Salient features of protochordates. Respiration, osmoregulation and migration in fish. Respiration and parental care in Amphibia. Terrestrial adaptations and parental care in Reptiles. Respiration, flight and endothermy in birds. Integument, dentition in mammals and evolution of man.
Zoo. 203 Introduction to Cell Biology and Immunology	3+0	Sem. II
Cell structure, cell theories and cell division. Cell membrane and its models. Transport mechanisms and junctions. Cell organelles – mitochondria – structure and function. Racker’s experiment. Nucleus – structure and functions, nuclear pore complex, nucleolus and its functions. Ribosomes, ER, Golgi apparatus, microbodies, lysosomes and peroxisomes. Structure of cilia and flagella. Cell coat, cell-recognition and cell-cell interactions. Overview of immune system – innate and acquired immunity, generation of immunogenicity, recognition of antigens, properties of B-cell and T-cell epitopes, antigen-antibody interactions, immune effect or mechanisms, cytokines, complement system and hypersensitive reactions. Immune system in health and disease, vaccines, autoimmunity, AIDS and diagnostic tools.
Zoo. 204 Introduction to Developmental Biology	2+0	Sem. I
Introduction and scope of embryology. Gametogenesis, types of eggs, fertilization,

parthenogenesis, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation in frog, chick and mammals, fate of germ layers and formation of extra-embryonic membranes in chick. Human placenta (physiology and types). Embryonic induction – nature and action of organizer, tissue interactions and basis of induction. Differentiation. Post-embryonic morphogenesis. Larvae and their significance. Metamorphosis. Regeneration. Amniocentesis. Stem cell culture and cloning. Gene transfer into animal oocytes, embryos and tissues, biosafety and ethical issues of cloning. Growth. Ageing. Teratology – causes and examples.
Zoo. 304 Fundamentals of Animal Physiology	3+0	Sem. I
Compound tissues and types of glands. Heterotrophic forms of nutrition, transport and mixing of food in the alimentary canal, secretory functions of digestive tract, digestion, absorption and malfunctions of GIT. Pulmonary ventilation, physiological principle of gaseous exchange, transport of oxygen and CO2 in the blood and regulation of respiration. Circulating body fluids and blood haemostasis. Heart as a pump, origin and propagation of heart beat, pulse, blood pressure, cardiac cycle and ECG. Functional anatomy of kidney, formation of urine, control of extracellular fluid, osmolality and counter-current mechanism, role of ADH and aldosterone. Physiology of human male and female reproduction. An over-view of other endocrine organs, their hormones and disorders. Functioning of excitable tissues, membrane potential, action potential and its propagation, synaptic and junctional transmission, ultra structure of the skeletal muscle fibre and molecular mechanism of muscle contraction. Physiology of sense organs and receptors.
Zoo. 305 Fundamentals of Animal Ecology	2+0	Sem. II
Scope and relevance of ecology. Factors of environment – atmosphere, soil, water, light and temperature. Liebig law of the minimum. Shelford law of tolerance. Ecotypes, isolation, evolution, speciation and indicator species. Interaction among organisms – competition, exploitation, predation, herbivory, parasitism and mutualism. Population regulation – abiotic factors, resource and interference competition, niche concept, community structure and dynamics, ecological succession, ecotones, structure and organization of ecosystems and flow of energy and nutrients. Nutrient replenishment. Biogeochemical cycles. Major ecosystems of the world – terrestrial, aquatic and agroecosystems. Zoogeography – barriers and means of dispersal. Bathymetric and geologic distribution. Endemism.
Zoo. 306 Basic Experiments in Zoology	0+3	Sem. I
General survey of Animal Kingdom – characteristics, classification, habits, habitat of important animal representatives of each phyla and classes and visit to Zoological Museum. Study of slides of cell and cell division. Demonstration of antigen-antibody reaction. Demonstration of viscera in earthworm, cockroach and model of frog. Demonstration of activity of salivary amylase, respiratory gill movements in fish, Bleeding and clotting time of blood, and sperm parameters in rat. Slides of gametogenesis and embryonic development in frog and chick. Study of aquatic, terrestrial and agroecosystems.
Zoo. 307 Systematics and Evolution of Animals	2+1	Sem. I
Introduction to systematic zoology and its importance. Systematics and phylogeny. Zoological nomenclature, classification and concept of modern trends in systematics. Origin of life, concept of evolution, different theories of evolution, evolution of land vertebrates and man. Adaptations. Practical: Identification of animals using modern and conventional methods.
Zoo. 308 Applied Zoology	3+1	Sem. II
Useful animals and their products. Outlines of apiculture, sericulture, lac culture, edible and pearl oyster culture, pisciculture/aquaculture, poultry farming, dairy farming etc. Important human and veterinary parasites – protozoan and helminths. Life cycle and biology of

Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Ascaris, Wuchereria, Fasciola, Schistosoma and Taenia. Molecular, cellular and physiological basis of host parasite interactions. Arthropods and vectors of human diseases (mosquitoes, lice, flies and ticks). Mode of transmission of pathogens by vectors. Chemical, biological and environmental control of arthropod vectors. Biology and control of chief insect pests of agricultural importance. Bird pests and their control. Life cycle, damage and control of rodent pests of agriculture. Practical: Study/survey of economically important animals. Study of protozoan, helminth parasites and arthropod vectors associated with human diseases. Study of vertebrate pests of agricultural crops and their control.
Zoo. 309 Zootechniques	1+1	Sem. II
Collection, maintenance, rearing, upkeep of animals in captivity, preservation (dry and wet techniques), classification, labelling etc. Ethical issues related to animal health and their use for zoological studies. Collection of tissues and fluids from animals. Routes of administration of test chemicals to animals. Preparation of reagents, fixatives, stains and tissue processing for histological preparations. Details of microtomy. Basic and selective staining methods. Frozen cryo cut sections and principles of histo-chemistry. Principles of microscopy and its upkeep. Tissue processing for biochemical estimations. Practical: Collection of small and large animals. Preservation of specimens for museum. Demonstration of injection routes and collection of fluids in albino rat. Sacrificing the animal and fixation of material and its processing for histological studies of selected organs of rat. Section cutting, stretching, staining and mounting of sections and their microscopic study.
Zoo. 310 Fundamentals of Animal Behaviour	2+1	Sem. I
Definition of behaviour. Psychology versus ethology and contemporary animal behaviour. Basic concepts and models of classical ethology. Types of behaviour. Social behaviour. Migration and dispersal. Coevolution of prey-predator behaviour. Practical: Study of chemotaxis, feeding preferences and behaviour using animal maze.
Zoo. 312 Immunology	2+1	Sem. I
History and scope of immunology. Components of immune system – organs, tissues and cells, Immunoglobulin structure and functions. Molecular organization of immunoglobulins and classes of antibodies. Antibody diversity – antigens, haptens, antigens antibody interactions. Immuno-regulation and tolerance. Allergies and hypersensitive response. Immunodeficiency. Vaccines – live attenuated vaccines, killed vaccines, cell culture based vaccines, recombinant vaccines. Immunological techniques. Immunological application in plant science, monoclonal antibodies and their uses. Molecular diagnostics. Practical: Preparation of buffers and reagents. Precipitation and agglutination test, HA, HI test. Immunoblotting, immunoelectrophoresis and fluorescent antibody test. Enzyme immunoassays

including ELISA variants, Western blotting. Raising of antisera in laboratory animals. Collection and preservation of antisera – separation, filtration and aliquoting.
Zoo. 313 Animal Biotechnology	3+1	Sem. I
History of animal biotechnology. Basic techniques in animal cell culture. Introduction to embryo biotechnology – oocyte collection and maturation, sperm preparation and in vitro fertilization. Cryopreservation of oocyte, sperm and embryos. Embryo transfer technology. Breeds of livestock and their characteristics. Marker assisted breeding of livestock. Introduction to animal genomics – RFLP, RAPD, SSRs, QTL, SNP, STR, Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism. Rumen and its environment – Rumen microbes and manipulation of rumen microbes for better utilization of feed. Introduction to nutrigenomics- milk biome, manipulation of lactation by biotechnological tools. Application of biotechnology in meat and meat products. Genome and protein based diagnostics of important animal diseases – FMD, brucellosis, PPR, Mastitis, Blue tongue, Newcastle disease. Practical: Basic cell culture techniques – oocyte aspiration from ovaries, sperm preparation and in vitro fertilization. PCR based detection of animal pathogens, PCR-RFLP. Immunohistochemical localization of protein marker in tissues/cells – meat species identification by PCREDIT.
Zoo. 401 Form, Structure and Function of Invertebrates	3+1	Sem. II
General characteristics and outline of classification of different animal groups upto classes. Interrelationships amongst the major and minor invertebrate phyla. Functional anatomy and physiology of locomotion, digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, neural and endocrine regulation, reproduction, sense organs and receptors of invertebrates. Larval forms and their evolutionary significance. Practical: General survey of invertebrate forms. Study of histological preparations of organs representing different systems. Dissection of earthworm, cockroach and pila to demonstrate various systems. Experiments to demonstrate the response of some invertebrates to photic, mechanical, thermal, chemical and electrical stimuli.
Zoo. 402 Form, Structure and Function of Vertebrates	2+1	Sem. II
General characteristics and outline of classification of different animal groups upto orders. Functional anatomy and physiology of muscular, digestive, respiratory, sensory, circulatory, excretory, nervous, endocrine and reproductive systems of vertebrates. Practical: General survey of vertebrate forms. Demonstration of animal viscera. Study of histological preparations of organs representing different systems. Demonstration of heart beat of frog. Demonstration of neuronal and muscular activity. Study of reproductive cyclicity in female rat.
Zoo. 403 Cell Biology and Development in Animals	2+1	Sem. II
A detailed account of structure and functions of cell and cell organelles. Cell cycle and its regulation. Cell membrane – its chemical structure and models. Membrane differentiation, junctions and transport mechanisms, Cell coat (glycocalyx) and cell recognition, cell-cell interactions, cell signalling and cell migration. Extracellular matrix of animal cell. Cytoskeletal organelles and their functions, cellular nitches, stem cells and properties of excitable cells- neurons and muscles. Cell differentiation. Cell death (apoptosis) and cancer cells. Introduction to developmental biology. Mechanism of sex determination. Gametogenesis and fertilization. Embryonic development, cleavage patterns, blastulation, gastrulation movements in frog, chick and man and fate of germ layers. Extraembryonic membranes and placenta (physiology and types). Cell differentiation and morphogenetic movements. Induction and regeneration. Genes in development. Growth. Gerontology – ageing, concept and model. Teratology and teratogens. Practical: Study of structure of special cells. Gametogenesis in gonads. Study of cleavage,

blastulation, gastrulation in frog and chick eggs and preparation of slides.
Zoo. 404 Environmental Biology and Management	2+1	Sem. II
Concepts and dynamics of ecosystem, components, food chain and energy flow, productivity and biogeochemical cycles. Types of ecosystems, population ecology and biological control. Community structure and organization. Environmental pollution. Sustainable development. Economic importance of microbes, plants and animals. Bioresource management and regional conservation strategies – examples with reference to India. Wildlife management – sanctuaries, parks and biosphere reserves in India. Endangered and threatened animal species in India, Red data book, germplasm banks. Environmental issues impact of urbanization and industrialization and its assessment, disaster management, bioremediation and biosafety. Policies, regulatory agencies and legislation. Practical: Study of different climatic factors – temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity and light intensity. Estimation of physico-chemical characteristics of soil and water. Ecological adaptations of animals in different habitats. Population estimates of planktons. Visit to national parks/sanctuaries and waste management parks.