| SEMESTER I | ||
| SWE 201 | 2+1 | Irrigation Engineering |
| SWE 301 | 2+1 | Water Harvesting and Soil Conservation Structures |
| SWE 302 | 1+1 | Drainage Engineering |
| SWE 305 | 2+1 | Precision Farming and Protected Cultivation |
| SEMESTER II | ||
| SWE 102 | 1+1 | Soil and Water Conservation Engineering |
| SWE 202 | 2+1 | Soil and Water Conservation Engineering |
| SWE 203 | 1+1 | Sprinkler and Micro Irrigation Systems |
| SWE 205 | 1+1 | Water Management in Horticultural Crops |
| SWE 303 | 2+1 | Watershed Planning and Management |
| SWE 304 | 2+1 | Groundwater Wells and Pumps |
| SWE 401 | 2+1 | Floods and Control Measures |
| SWE 402 | 2+1 | Wasteland Development |
| SWE 403 | 2+1 | Information Technology for Land and Water Management |
| SWE 404 | 2+1 | Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System |
| SWE 405 | 2+1 | Design and Management of Canal Irrigation System |
| SWE 406 | 2+1 | Minor Irrigation and Command Area Development |
| SWE 407 | 2+1 | Precision Farming Techniques for Protected Cultivation |
| SWE 408 | 2+1 | Water Quality and Management Measures |
| SWE 409 | 2+1 | Landscape Irrigation Design and Management |
| SWE 410 | 2+1 | Plastic Applications in Agriculture |
Course No.: SWE 201
Course Title: Irrigation Engineering
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Purpose of irrigation, environmental impact of irrigation projects, sources of irrigation water. Major and medium irrigation schemes of India, present status of development and utilization of different water resources of the country. Measurement of irrigation water: weirs, flumes, orifices and other methods. Open channel water conveyance system: design and lining of irrigation field channels, on farm structures for water conveyance, control and distribution. Underground pipe conveyance system: components and design. Land grading: criteria, design methods and estimation of earth work. Soil-water-plant relationships: soil properties influencing irrigation water management, soil water potential, movement and infiltration, soil moisture characteristics, constants and their measurement, moisture stress and plant response. Water requirement of crops: concept, measurement and estimation of evapotranspiration (ET). Irrigation requirement: depth, frequency, duration and its efficiencies. Surface methods of water application: border, check basin and furrow irrigation, adaptability, specification and design considerations.
Practical:
Measurement of soil moisture, irrigation water and infiltration characteristics using different instruments. Determination of bulk density, field capacity and wilting point of soil. Estimation of evapotranspiration (ET). Land grading methods. Design of underground pipeline system. Estimation of irrigation efficiencies. Study of advance, recession curve and computation of infiltration opportunity time. Infiltration by inflow-outflow method. Evaluation of border, furrow and check basin irrigation method.
Course No.: SWE 301
Course Title: Water Harvesting and Soil Conservation Structures
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Water harvesting: principles, importance and issues. Water harvesting techniques: classification based on source, storage and use. Runoff harvesting: short-term (terracing, bunding, rock and ground catchments) and long-term harvesting techniques, purpose and design criteria. Structures: farm ponds (dug-out and embankment type reservoir), tanks and subsurface dykes. Farm pond: types, components, site selection, design criteria, capacity, embankment, mechanical and emergency spillways, cost estimation and construction. Percolation pond: site selection, design and construction details. Design considerations of nala bunds. Hydraulic jump and its application. Permanent structures for soil conservation and gully control: check dams, drop, chute and drop inlet spillway, design requirements and planning. Design procedures: hydrologic, hydraulic and structural design and stability analysis. Drop spillway: applicability, types (straight drop and box-type inlet), description, functional use, advantages and disadvantages, straight apron and stilling basin outlet, structural components and functions. Loads on head wall, variables affecting equivalent fluid pressure, triangular load diagram for various flow conditions, creep line theory, uplift pressure estimation, safety against sliding, overturning, crushing and tension. Chute spillway: description, components, energy dissipaters, design criteria of Saint Antony Falls (SAF) stilling basin and its limitations. Drop inlet spillway: description, functional use and design criteria.
Practical:
Study of different types of farm ponds. Computation of storage capacity of embankment type of farm ponds. Design of dugout farm ponds, percolation pond and nala bunds. Runoff measurement using H-flume. Exercise on hydraulic jump and energy dissipation in water flow. Hydrologic, hydraulic and structural design of drop and drop inlet spillway and stability analysis of drop spillway. Design of SAF stilling basins in chute spillway and small earthen embankment. Practice on software’s for design of soil and water conservation structures. Field visit to watershed project areas treated with soil and water conservation structures.
Course No.: SWE 302
Course Title: Drainage Engineering
Credit hours: 1+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Water logging: causes and impacts. Drainage: objectives and familiarization with the drainage problems of the state. Surface drainage: purpose and benefits, drainage coefficient, types of surface drainage, design of surface drains. Sub-surface drainage: purpose and benefits, investigations of design parameters (hydraulic conductivity, drainable porosity, water table), derivation of Hooghoudt’s and Ernst’s drain spacing equations, design, layout, construction and installation of subsurface drainage system including mole drains. Drainage materials, envelope, pipes and structures. Vertical drainage: multiple well point system and bio-drainage. Salt balance, reclamation of saline and alkaline soils, leaching requirements, conjunctive use of fresh and saline water.
Practical:
In-situ measurement of hydraulic conductivity by single and inverse auger hole method. Estimation of drainage coefficients. Installation of piezometer and observation wells. Preparation of isobath and isobar maps. Determination of drainable porosity. Design of surface, subsurface drainage system and gravel envelope. Determination of chemical properties of soil and water. Study and fabrication of drainage tiles. Study of drainage pipes. Installation of sub-surface drainage system. Cost analysis of surface and sub-surface drainage system.
Course No.: SWE 305
Course Title: Precision Farming and Protected Cultivation
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
(For students of College of Horticulture and Forestry)
Precision farming – laser leveling, mechanized direct seed sowing; seedling and sapling transplanting, site specific input application. Protected cultivation technology: Introduction, techniques of protected cultivation, types of Green Houses, Plant response to Greenhouse environment, Planning and design of green houses, Design criteria of greenhouse for cooling and heating purposes. Green house equipment, materials of construction for traditional and low-cost green houses. Irrigation systems used in protected cultivation, Typical applications, passive solar green house, hot air greenhouse heating systems, greenhouse drying. Cost estimation and economic analysis. Choice of crops for cultivation under protected structures, problems/constraints of greenhouse cultivation and future strategies. Growing media, soil culture, type of soil required, drainage, flooding and leaching, soil pasteurization in peat moss and mixtures, rock wool and other inert media, nutrient film technique (NFT) / hydroponics.
Practical:
Laser leveling procedure and field visit. Study and field visit for mechanized direct seed sowing and transplanting. Study of different types of greenhouses based on shape, construction and cladding materials. Studies on different environment control parameters in greenhouses. Estimation of drying rate of agricultural products inside greenhouse. Testing of soil and water to study its suitability for growing crops in protected structures. The study of fertigation requirements for greenhouse crops and estimation of E.C and pH in the fertigation solution. The study of various growing media used in raising of greenhouse crops and their preparation and pasteurization/sterilization. Visit to commercial protected cultivation structures. Economics of protected cultivation.
Course No.: SWE 102
Course Title: Soil and Water Conservation Engineering
Credit hours: 1+1
Semester: II
(For students of College of Agriculture)
Theory:
Introduction to soil and water conservation. Soil erosion: definition, causes and agents. Water erosion: forms of water erosion. Gully classification and control measures. Soil loss estimation by Universal Soil Loss Equation. Soil loss measurement techniques. Principles of erosion control: contouring, strip cropping, tillage practices, bunding and terracing. Grassed waterways and its maintenance. Water harvesting and its techniques. Wind erosion: mechanics of wind erosion, types of soil movement. Principles of wind erosion control and its control measures.
Practical: General status of soil conservation in India. Calculation of erosion index. Estimation of soil loss. Measurement of soil loss. Preparation of contour maps. Study of grassed water ways, contour bunds, graded bunds and bench terracing system.
Course No.: SWE 202
Course Title: Soil and Water Conservation Engineering
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Soil erosion: definition, causes, types, agents and its effects. Water erosion: types, factors and its mechanics. Gully erosion: classification and stages of development. Soil loss estimation: Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and modified USLE. Estimation of rainfall erosivity indices. Estimation of soil erodibility indices. Topography, crop management and conservation practice factors. Measurement of soil erosion: runoff plots and soil samplers. Rate of sedimentation, silt monitoring and storage loss in tanks. Water erosion control measures: agronomical measures (contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage and mulching), engineering measures (bunds and terraces, their types, planning, design, layout procedure and surplussing arrangements, contour stone wall and trenching. Ravine reclamation. Principles of gully control: vegetative measures and temporary structures, diversion drains. Grassed waterways and design. Wind erosion: factors affecting, mechanics, soil loss estimation and control measures (vegetative, wind breaks, shelter belts, mechanical measures and stabilization of sand dunes).
Practical: Study of different types and forms of water erosion. Computation of rainfall erosivity and soil erodibility indices. Determination of length of slope (LS) and cropping practice (CP) factors for soil loss on by USLE and modified USLE. Soil loss estimation/measuring techniques. Study of rainfall simulator for erosion assessment. Measurement of sediment rate using Coshocton wheel sampler and multi-slot devisor. Determination of sediment concentration through oven dry method. Design and layout of contour bunds, graded bunds, broad base terraces and bench terraces. Design of vegetative waterways. Estimation of rate of sedimentation and storage loss in tanks. Computation of soil loss by wind erosion. Design of shelter belts and wind breaks for wind erosion control. Visit to watershed project areas for studying soil erosion and temporary control measures.
Course No.: SWE 203
Course Title: Sprinkler and Micro Irrigation Systems
Credit hours: 1+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Sprinkler irrigation: adaptability, types, problems and prospects. Sprinkler/micro sprinkler irrigation system design: steps, layout, selection, design of lateral, sub-main and main pipeline, selection of pump and power unit. Performance evaluation of sprinkler irrigation system: uniformity coefficient and pattern efficiency. Micro irrigation system: types, merits and demerits, components. Design of drip irrigation system: general considerations, wetting patterns, irrigation requirement, emitter selection, hydraulics and design steps. Steps for proper operation of a drip irrigation system. Maintenance of micro irrigation system: clogging, filter cleaning, flushing and chemical treatment. Fertigation: advantages, limitations, methods, fertilizers solubility and their compatibility, precautions, frequency, duration and injection rate. Economics: Cost estimation of sprinkler and micro irrigation system.
Practical: Study of different components, design and installation of sprinkler irrigation system. Determination of precipitation pattern, discharge and uniformity coefficient. Study of different components, design and installation of drip irrigation system. Determination of pressure discharge relationship and emission uniformity for emitter. Study of different types of filters and determination of filtration efficiency. Determination of rate of injection and calibration for chemigation/ fertigation. Design of irrigation and fertigation schedule for crops. Field visit to micro irrigation system and evaluation of drip system. Cost economics of sprinkler and drip irrigation system.
Course No.: SWE 205
Course Title: Water Management in Horticultural Crops
Credit hours: 1+1
Semester: II
(For students of College of Horticulture and Forestry)
Theory:
Importance of water, water resources of India. Role of water in plant
growth and development. Effect of moisture stress on crop growth.
Distribution of soil moisture, water budgeting, rooting characteristics,
moisture extraction pattern. Soil moisture constants and soil moisture
characteristics curve. Water requirement of horticultural
crops-lysimeter studies, climatological approach for estimation of crop
ET, critical stages of crop growth for irrigation, irrigation scheduling
and different approaches of irrigation scheduling. Various efficiencies
in irrigation water management. Water measuring devices. Methods of
irrigation-surface and sub-surface pressurized methods viz., sprinkler
and drip irrigation, their suitability, merits and limitations,
fertigation, economic use of irrigation water. Water management problem,
quality of irrigation water, irrigation management practices for
different soils and crops. Fertigation of horticultural crops. Layout of
different irrigation systems, drip, sprinkler. Layout of underground
pipeline system.
Practical: Familiarization with various irrigation and
drainage lab equipment’s. Measurements of irrigation water by using
water measuring devices, use of common formula in irrigation practices.
Laser land levelling and land shaping implements, layout for different
methods of irrigation. Estimation of soil moisture constants and soil
moisture by using different methods and instruments, scheduling of
irrigation, different approaches, practicing use of instruments.
Development of soil moisture characteristics curve. Determination of
uniformity coefficient in drip and sprinkler irrigation. Estimation of
irrigation efficiency and water requirements of horticultural crops,
irrigation planning and scheduling, soil moisture conservation
practices. Visit to irrigation systems in horticultural crops.
Course No.: SWE 303
Course Title: Watershed Planning and Management
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Watershed: definition, delineation and characteristics. Watershed management: concept, objectives, factors affecting, watershed planning based on land capability classes, hydrological data for watershed planning and codification. Watershed development: problems and prospects. Bench mark surveys: overview of topographic survey, soil characteristics, vegetative cover, present land use practices and socio-economic factors. Prioritization of watersheds: sediment yield index. Water budgeting in a watershed. Management measures: rainwater conservation technologies (in-situ and ex-situ storage and recycling). Dry land farming: moisture conservation techniques, inter-terrace and inter-bund land management. Integrated watershed management: concept, components, arable (agriculture, horticulture) and non-arable (forestry, fishery and animal husbandry) lands. Effect of cropping systems, land management and cultural practices on watershed hydrology. Watershed programme: execution, follow-up practices, maintenance, monitoring and evaluation. Participatory watershed management: concept, need and role of watershed associations, user groups and self-help groups. Planning and formulation of project proposal for watershed management programme including cost-benefit analysis.
Practical: Delineation of watersheds using toposheets. Preparation of watershed map. Quantitative analysis of watershed characteristics and parameters. Watershed investigations for planning and development. Analysis of hydrological data for planning watershed management. Water budgeting of watersheds. Prioritization of watersheds based on sediment yield index. Study of functional requirement of watershed development structures, watershed management technologies and role of various functionaries in its development programmes. Practice on software for analysis of hydrological parameters of watershed. Techno-economic viability analysis of watershed projects. Visit to watershed development project areas for planning and management. Case studies.
Course No.: SWE 304
Course Title: Groundwater Wells and Pumps
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Occurrence and movement of groundwater. Aquifer and its types. Classification of wells: fully penetrating tubewells and open wells, familiarization of various types of bore wells. Design of open wells, tubewells and gravel pack. Groundwater exploration techniques. Methods of drilling of wells: percussion, rotary, reverse rotary. Types, selection and installation of well screen, completion and development of well. Groundwater hydraulics: determination of aquifer parameters by different methods such as Theis, Cooper-Jacob, Chow’s and Theis recovery method. Well interference, multiple well systems. Estimation of groundwater potential and quality of groundwater. Artificial groundwater recharge techniques. Pumping systems: water lifting devices, types and classification of pumps, components of centrifugal pumps, priming, pump selection, installation and troubleshooting, performance curves, effect of speed on capacity, head and power, effect of change of impeller dimensions on performance characteristics. Other pumps: hydraulic ram, propeller, mixed flow pumps and their performance characteristics. Deep well turbine and submersible pump.
Practical: Verification of Darcy’s Law. Study of different drilling equipment’s. Sieve analysis for gravel and well screens design. Estimation of specific yield and specific retention. Study/testing of well screen. Estimation of aquifer parameters by Theis, Cooper-Jacob, Chow and Theis Recovery method. Well design under confined and unconfined aquifer. Determination of well losses and efficiency. Estimation of groundwater balance. Study of artificial groundwater recharge structure. Study of radial and mixed flow centrifugal pumps, turbine, propeller and submersible/multistage pumps. Installation of centrifugal pump. Study of cavitation and hydraulic ram. Testing of centrifugal and submersible pump.
Elective Courses
Course No.: SWE 401
Course Title: Floods and Control Measures
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Floods: causes of occurrence, classification (probable maximum flood, standard project flood and design flood) and estimation methods. Estimation of flood peak: rational and unit hydrograph method and empirical methods. Statistics in hydrology: flood frequency methods (log normal, Gumbel’s extreme value, log-Pearson type-III distribution) and depth-area-duration analysis. Flood forecasting. Flood routing: channel and reservoir routing, Muskingum and modified Pul’s method. Flood control: history, structural and non-structural measures, storage and detention reservoirs, levees and channel improvement. Spurs: types, functions, location and construction. Gully erosion and control structures: design and implementation. Ravine control measures. River training works, planning of flood control projects and their economics. Earthen embankments: functions, classification, hydraulic fill and rolled fill dams(homogeneous, zoned and diaphragm type), foundation requirements, grouting, seepage through dams, flow net and its properties, seepage pressure, seepage line, drainage filters, piping and its causes. Design and construction of earthen dam, stability of earthen dam against failure by tension, overturning, sliding. Stability of slopes and analysis of failure by different methods. Subsurface dams: site selection and constructional features. Check dam: small earthen embankments (types and design criteria).
Practical: Determination of flood stage-discharge relationship in a watershed, flood peak-area relationships, frequency distribution functions for extreme flood values using Gumbel’s method, confidence limits of the flood peak estimate for Gumbel’s extreme value distribution, frequency distribution functions for extreme flood values using log-Pearson Type-III distribution, probable maximum flood, standard project flood and spillway design flood. Design of levees and jetties for flood control. Study of vegetative and structural measures for gully stabilization. Design of gully/ravine control structures and cost estimation. Designing, planning and cost-benefit analysis of a flood control project. Study of different types, materials and design considerations of earthen dams. Determination of the position of phreatic line in earthen dams for various conditions. Stability analysis of earthen dams against head water pressure, foundation shear and sudden draw down condition. Stability of slopes of earthen dams by friction circle and other methods. Construction of flow net for isotropic and anisotropic media. Computation of seepage by different methods. Determination of settlement of earthen dam. Input-output-storage relationships by reservoir routing. Visit to sites of earthen dam and water harvesting structures.
Course No.: SWE 402
Course Title: Wasteland Development
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Land degradation: concept, classification, arid, semi-arid, humid and sub-humid regions, denuded rangeland and marginal lands. Wastelands: factors, classification and mapping of wastelands, planning of waste lands development, constraints, agro-climatic conditions, development options and contingency plans. Conservation structures: gully stabilization, ravine rehabilitation, sand dune stabilization, water harvesting and recycling methods. Afforestation: agro-forestry, agro-horti, silvi-pastural methods, forage and fuel crops, socioeconomic constraints, shifting cultivation and optimal land use options. Wasteland development: hills, semi-arid, coastal areas, water scarce areas, reclamation of waterlogged and salt-affected lands. Mine spoils: impact, land degradation, reclamation and rehabilitation, slope stabilization and mine environment management. Micro irrigation in wasteland development. Sustainable wasteland development: drought situations and socio-economic perspectives. Government policies. Participatory approach. Preparation of proposal for wasteland development and benefit-cost analysis.
Practical: Mapping and classification of wastelands. Identification of factors causing wastelands. Estimation of vegetation density and classification. Planning and design of engineering measures for reclamation of wastelands. Design and estimation of different soil and water conservation structures under arid, semi-arid and humid conditions. Planning and design of micro irrigation in wasteland development. Cost estimation of the soil and water conservation measures. Visit to wasteland development project sites.
Course No.: SWE 403
Course Title: Information Technology for Land and Water Management
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Concept of Information Technology (IT) and its application potential. Role of IT in natural resource management. Existing system of information generation and organizations involved in the field of land and water management. Application and production of multimedia. Internet application tools and web technology. Networking system of information. Problems and prospects of new information and communication technology. Development of database concept for effective natural resource management. Application of remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS) and GPS for land and water resource management. Relational data base management system. Object oriented approaches. Information systems, decision support systems and expert systems. Agricultural information management systems: use of mathematical models and programmes. Application of decision support systems, multi sensor data loggers and overview of software packages in natural resource management. Video-conferencing of scientific information.
Practical: Multimedia production. Internet applications: e-mail, voice mail, web tools and technologies. Handling and maintenance of new information technologies and exploiting their potentials. Exercise on database management using database and spreadsheet programmes. Usage of remote sensing, GIS and GPS survey in information generation and processing. Exercise on running computer software packages dealing with water balance, crop production, land development, land and water allocation and watershed analysis. Exercise on simple decision support and expert systems for management of natural resources. Multimedia production using different software’s. Exercise on development of information system on selected theme(s). Video-conferencing of scientific information.
Course No.: SWE 404
Course Title: Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Remote sensing: introduction, components, advantages and limitations. Characteristics of electromagnetic spectrum, energy interactions in the atmosphere and with the Earth’s surface, major atmospheric windows, principal applications of different wavelength regions, typical spectral reflectance curve for vegetation, soil and water, spectral signatures, different types of sensors and platforms. Contrast ratio and possible causes of low contrast. Aerial photography: types, scale, planning (end lap and side lap), stereoscopic vision, requirements of stereoscopic photographs, air-photo interpretation and its elements. Photogrammetry: measurements on a single vertical aerial photograph, measurements on a stereo-pair (vertical measurements by the parallax method), ground control for aerial photography. Satellite remote sensing: multispectral scanner (whiskbroom and push-broom scanner) and types of resolutions. Analysis of digital data: image restoration, enhancement, information extraction and classification (unsupervised and supervised). Important consideration in the identification of training areas. Vegetation indices. Microwave remote sensing. GIS: components, spatial entities, sources and components of spatial data. Map projections and their properties. Methods of data input into GIS, data editing, spatial data models and structures, attribute data management and integrating data (map overlay) in GIS. Application of remote sensing and GIS for the management of land and water resources.
Practical: Familiarization with remote sensing and GIS. Use of software for image interpretation. Interpretation of aerial photographs and satellite imagery. GIS operations such as image display. Study of various features of GIS software package. Scanning, digitization of maps and data editing. Data base query and map algebra. GIS supported case studies in water resources management.
Course No.: SWE 405
Course Title: Design and Management of Canal Irrigation System
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Purpose, benefits and ill effects of irrigation. Network of canal irrigation system and its different physical components, canal classification based on source of water, financial output, purpose, discharge and alignment. General considerations for canal alignment. Performance indicators for canal irrigation system evaluation. Estimation of water requirements for canal command areas and determination of canal capacity. Duty, base period, delta and their relationship, factors affecting duty and its improvement. Silt theory: Kennedy’s and Lacey’s regime theory, equations and design of channel by Kennedy’s and Lacey’s theory. Maintenance of unlined irrigation canals, measurement of discharge in canals, rostering (canal running schedule) and warabandi. Canal lining: necessity, advantages and disadvantages, types and desirable characteristics for the suitability of lining materials. Design of lined canals, functions of distributary head and cross regulators, canal falls, their necessity and factors affecting canal fall. Channel crossing structures. Sources of surplus water in canals and types of canal escapes, requirements of a good canal outlet and types of outlets.
Practical: Estimation of water requirement of canal commands. Determination of canal capacity. Layout of canal alignments on topographic maps, drawing of canal sections in cutting, full banking and partial cutting and banking. Determination of longitudinal section of canals. Design of irrigation canals based on silt theories. Design of lined canals. Formulation of warabandi. Study of canal outlets, regulators, escapes and canal falls.
Course No.: SWE 406
Course Title: Minor Irrigation and Command Area Development
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Classification of irrigation projects, factors affecting performance and types of minor irrigation systems in India. Development and utilization of water resources through different minor irrigation schemes. Lift irrigation systems: feasibility, type of pumping stations, site selection and design. Tank irrigation: grouping of tanks, storage, supply works and sluices. Command area development (CAD) programme: components, need, scope and development approaches, historical perspective, CAD authorities functions and responsibilities, on farm development and reclamation works and use of remote sensing techniques for CAD works. Water productivity: concepts, measures for enhancing productivity and Farmers’ participation in CAD.
Practical: Preparation of command area development layout plan. Irrigation water requirement of crops. Preparation of irrigation schedules. Planning and layout of water conveyance system. Design of surplus weir of tanks. Determination of storage capacity of tanks. Design of intake pipe and pump house.
Course No.: SWE 407
Course Title: Precision Farming Techniques for Protected Cultivation
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Protected cultivation: introduction, components, perspective, types and cladding materials. Plant environment interactions: principles of limiting factors, solar radiation, transpiration, greenhouse effect, light, temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide enrichment. Design and construction of greenhouses: site selection, orientation, design, construction, design for ventilation requirement using exhaust fan system and equipment used. Greenhouse cooling system: necessity, methods (ventilation with roof and side ventilators, evaporative cooling), shading materials, fogging, combined fogging and fan-pad cooling system, design of cooling system, maintenance of cooling and ventilation systems and pad care. Greenhouse heating: necessity, components, methods and design of heating system. Earth-Heat-Exchange within greenhouse condition and thermal behaviour of greenhouse. Root media: types (soil and soil less media), composition, estimation, preparation, disinfection and bed preparation. Planting techniques in green house cultivation. Design and installation of irrigation system: water quality, types, components, design, installation and material requirement and maintenance. Fogging system: introduction, benefits, design, installation material requirement and maintenance. Fertilization: nutrient deficiency symptoms and functions of essential nutrient elements, principles of selection of proper application of fertilizers, rate of fertilizer application, methods, scheduling and automated fertilizer application. Greenhouse climate measurement. Study of different greenhouse environment control instruments. Insect and disease management in greenhouse and net houses. Selection of crops for greenhouse cultivation. Major crops in greenhouse: irrigation requirement, fertilizer management, cultivation, harvesting and post-harvest techniques. Economic analysis.
Practical:
Estimation of material requirement for construction of greenhouse and root media. Root media preparation, bed preparation and disinfections. Study of different planting techniques. Design and installation of irrigation and fogging system. Greenhouse heating. Study of different greenhouse environment control instruments. Operation, maintenance and fault detection in irrigation and fogging system. Determination of fertilization schedule and rate of application for various crops. Economic analysis of greenhouses and net houses. Visit to greenhouses.
Course No.: SWE 408
Course Title: Water Quality and Management Measures
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Water resources and quality issues in India. Natural factors affecting quality of surface and groundwater, water quality in relation to domestic, industrial and agricultural activities. Drinking water quality standards, irrigation water quality classification as per US Salinity Laboratory (USSL) and All Indian Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) criteria. Point and non-point water pollution sources. Water contamination due to inorganic, organic compounds, agricultural chemicals, food industry, hydrocarbon and synthetic organic compounds. Arsenic and fluoride contamination in groundwater and remedial measures. Water decontamination technologies, cultural and management practices for using poor quality water for irrigation.
Practical:
Water quality analysis and classification according to USSL and AICRP criteria. Soil chemical analysis and estimation of lime and gypsum requirements. Study of salinity development under shallow and deep-water table conditions, contaminant movement and transport in soil profile. Study of water decontamination techniques and cultural and management practices for using poor quality water for irrigation. Field visit to industrial effluent disposal sites.
Course No.: SWE 409
Course Title: Landscape Irrigation Design and Management
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Conventional method of landscape irrigation: hose irrigation, quick release coupling and portable sprinkler system with hose pipes. Modern methods of landscape irrigation: pop-up and spray pop-up sprinklers, shrub adopter, drip irrigation and bubblers. Types of landscapes and suitability of different irrigation methods, water requirement for different landscapes, segments and main components of modern landscape irrigation systems and their selection criteria. Merits and demerits of conventional and modern irrigation systems. Types of pipes, pressure ratings, sizing and selection criteria. Automation system for landscape irrigation: main components, types of controllers and their applications. Design, operation and maintenance of modern landscape irrigation systems.
Practical:
Study of irrigation equipment for landscapes. Design and installation of irrigation system for landscape. Determination of water and power requirements for pump selection. Irrigation scheduling of landscapes. Study of irrigation controllers and other equipment. Use of Auto CAD in irrigation design: blocks and symbols, head layout, zoning and valves layout, pipe sizing and pressure calculations. Visit to landscape irrigation system and its evaluation.
Course No.: SWE 410
Course Title: Plastic Applications in Agriculture
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Introduction of plasticulture: types and quality of plastics used in soil and water conservation, production agriculture and post-harvest management, quality control measures. Present status and future prospective of plasticulture in India. Water management: use of plastics in in-situ moisture conservation and rain water harvesting. Plastic film lining in canal, pond and reservoir. Plastic pipes for irrigation water management, bore-well casing and subsurface drainage. Drip and sprinkler irrigation systems. Use of polymers in control of percolation losses in fields. Soil conditioning: soil solarisation, effects of different colour plastic mulching in surface covered cultivation. Nursery management: use of plastics in nursery raising, nursery bags and trays. Controlled environmental cultivation: plastics as cladding material, green/poly/shade net/net houses, wind breaks, poly tunnels and crop cover. Plastic nets for crop protection: anti insect and bird protection nets. Plastic fencing. Plastics in drying, preservation, handling and storage of agricultural produce, cover and plinth (CAP) storage for food grains. Use of plastics as alternate material for manufacturing farm equipment and machinery. Plastics for aqua cultural engineering and animal husbandry (animal shelters, vermi-beds and inland fisheries). Silage film technique for fodder preservation. Agencies involved in the promotion of plasticulture in agriculture at national and state level. Human resource development in plasticulture applications.
Practical:
Design, estimation and laying of plastic films in lining of canal, reservoir and water harvesting ponds. Study of plastic components of drip and sprinkler irrigation systems, laying and flushing of laterals. Study of different plastic mulch laying methods. Design, estimation and installation of green/poly/shade net/net houses and low tunnels. Study on cover and plinth (CAP) storage for food grain storage, innovative packaging solutions (leno bags, crates, bins, boxes and vacuum packing, unit packaging, controlled atmosphere (CA) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)) and cost estimation. Study on use of plastics in nursery, plant protection, inland fisheries, animal shelters, preparation of vermi-bed and silage film for fodder preservation. Study of plastic parts in making farm machinery. Visits to manufacturing units/dealers of PVC pipes, drip and sprinkler irrigation systems, green/poly/shade net/nethouse and farmers’ fields with these installations.
PG Courses
| M. Tech. Irrigation and Drainage Engineering | ||
| SEMESTER I | ||
| Course No. | Credit Hours | Course Title |
| IDE 501 | 1+1 | Design of Surface Irrigation Systems |
| IDE 502 | 2+1 | Design of Farm Drainage Systems |
| IDE 503 | 2+1 | Command Area Management |
| IDE 504 | 2+1 | Water and Nutrient Management under Protected Cultivation |
| IDE 506 | 2+1 | Ground Water Engineering |
| IDE 510 | 2+1 | Minor Irrigation |
| IDE 513 | 2+1 | Water Resources Systems Engineering |
| SEMESTER II | ||
| IDE 505 | 2+1 | Design of Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation Systems |
| IDE 507/ SWCE 507 | 2+1 | Remote Sensing and GIS for Land and Water Resource Management |
| IDE 508 | 2+1 | Waste Water Management and Utilization in Agriculture |
| IDE 509 | 2+1 | Water Conveyance and Distribution |
| IDE 511 | 2+0 | Design of Pumps for Irrigation and Drainage |
| IDE 512 | 2+0 | Crop Environmental Engineering |
| IDE 514 | 2+0 | Irrigation Economics Planning and Management |
| IDE 515 | 3+0 | Sensing and Automation in Irrigation Systems |
| IDE 591 | 0+1 | Seminar |
| IDE 599 | 0+30 | Master’s Research |
| M. Tech. Soil and Water Conservation Engineering | ||
| SEMESTER I | ||
| Course No. | Credit Hours | Course Title |
| SWCE 501 | 2+1 | Advanced Soil and Water Conservation Engineering |
| SWCE 502 | 2+1 | Applied Watershed Hydrology |
| SWCE 504 | 2+1 | Stochastic Hydrology |
| SWCE 506 | 2+0 | Flow Through Porous Media |
| SWCE 510 | 2+0 | Dryland Water Management Technologies |
| SEMESTER II | ||
| SWCE 503 | 2+1 | Soil and Water Conservation Structures |
| SWCE 505 | 2+1 | Watershed Management and Modeling |
| SWCE 507 | 2+1 | Remote Sensing and GIS for Land and Water Resource Management |
| SWCE 508 | 3+0 | Climate Change and Water Resources |
| SWCE 509 | 2+0 | Numerical Methods in Hydrology |
| SWCE 591 | 0+1 | Seminar |
| SWCE 599 | 0+30 | Master’s Research |
| M. Tech. Remote Sensing and GIS in collaboration with Punjab Remote Sensing Centre | ||
| SEMESTER I | ||
| Course No. | Credit Hours | Course Title |
| RSGIS 501 | 2+1 | Principles of Remote Sensing |
| RSGIS 502 | 2+1 | Geomatics, Geodesy and GPS |
| RSGIS 504 | 2+1 | Introduction to Photogrammetry and Cartography |
| RSGIS 506 | 2+1 | Application of RS and GIS for Soil Resources Management |
| RSGIS 507 | 2+1 | Application of RS and GIS for Water Resources Management |
| SEMESTER II | ||
| RSGIS 503 | 2+1 | Digital Image Processing |
| RSGIS 505 | 2+1 | Agri-Informatics |
| RSGIS 503 | 2+1 | Digital Image Processing |
| RSGIS 505 | 2+1 | Agri-Informatics |
| RSGIS 503 | 2+1 | Digital Image Processing |
| RSGIS 591 | 0+1 | Seminar |
| RSGIS 599 | 0+30 | Master’s Research |
| Ph.D. (Irrigation and Drainage Engineering) | ||
| SEMESTER I | ||
| Course No. | Credit Hours | Course Title |
| IDE 603 | 3+0 | Hydro-Mechanics and Groundwater Modeling |
| IDE 604 | 2+1 | Soil-Water-Plant-Atmospheric Modeling |
| IDE 605 | 2+0 | Plant Growth Modeling and Simulation |
| IDE 606 | 2+0 | Multi Criteria Decision Making System |
| IDE 603 | 3+0 | Hydro-Mechanics and Groundwater Modeling |
| SEMESTER II | ||
| IDE 601 | 2+1 | Recent Developments in Irrigation Engineering |
| IDE 602 | 2+1 | Advances in Drainage Engineering |
| IDE 691 | 0+1 | Seminar I |
| IDE 692 | 0+1 | Seminar II |
| IDE 699 | 0+30 | Ph.D. Research |
| Ph.D. (Soil and Water Conservation Engineering) | ||
| SEMESTER I | ||
| Course No. | Credit Hours | Course Title |
| SWCE 603 | 2+1 | Reservoir Operation and River Basin Modeling |
| SWCE 604 | 2+1 | Modeling Soil Erosion Processes and Sedimentation |
| SWCE 605 | 3+0 | Waste Water Treatment and Utilization |
| SWCE 606 | 2+0 | Hydro-Chemical Modeling |
| SWCE 691 | 0+1 | Seminar-I |
| SWCE 699 | 0+30 | Ph.D. Research |
| SEMESTER II | ||
| SWCE 601 | 2+1 | Advances in Hydrology |
| SWCE 602 | 2+1 | Soil and Water Systems Simulation and Modeling |
| IDE 691 | 0+1 | Seminar I |
| SWCE 692 | 0+1 | Seminar II |
| IDE 699 | 0+30 | Ph.D. Research |
Course No.: IDE 501
Course Title: Design of Surface Irrigation Systems
Credit hours: 1+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Climate and irrigation water requirement. Irrigation principles, losses, conveyance, distribution, application and water budgeting. Estimation techniques of effective rainfall. Irrigation software’s: CROPWAT, QUACROP.
Unit II
Farm irrigation systems. Irrigation efficiencies. Economic feasibility. Irrigation water quality and salinity management techniques. Design of water conveyance, control and distribution systems.
Unit III
Hydraulics: Design and operation of border, check basin, furrow, sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems. Flow dynamics, drop size distribution and spray losses in sprinklers. Cablegation, surge and bubbler irrigation. Automation of irrigation system.
Unit IV
Basic water management concepts and objectives. Alternative irrigation scheduling techniques. Integrated approach to irrigation water management.
Practical:
Design and evaluation of border, furrow, check basin, sprinkler and micro-irrigation. Computation of frictional losses. Design of underground water conveyance systems. Economics of irrigation methods. Visit to mechanized farms.
Course No.: IDE 502
Course Title: Design of Farm Drainage Systems
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Salt affected waterlogged areas in India. Water quality criteria and brackish water use for agriculture. Drainage requirements and crop growth under salt affected waterlogged soil.
Unit II
Concept of critical water table depth for waterlogged soil and crop growth. Drainage investigations and drainage characteristics of various soils. Methods of drainage system and drainage coefficient.
Unit III
Theories and applications of surface and subsurface drainage. Planning, design and installation of surface and subsurface drainage systems for waterlogged and saline soils. Theories and design of vertical drainage, horizontal subsurface drainage and multiple well point system. Drainage materials.
Unit IV
Steady and unsteady state drainage equations for layered and non-layered soils. Principle and applications of Hooghoudt, Kirkham, Earnst, Glover Dumm, Kraijenhoff-van-de-leur equations. Drainage for salinity control.
Unit V
Salt balance, leaching requirement and management practices under drained conditions. Disposal of drainage effluents. Case study for reclamation of salt affected waterlogged areas.
Practical:
Measurement of in-situ hydraulic conductivity. Estimation of drainage coefficient and leaching requirements. Delineation of waterlogged areas through isobar, isobath and topographic maps. Design of surface and subsurface drainage systems. Design of filter and envelop materials.
Course No.: IDE 503
Course Title: Command Area Management
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Concept of command area development as an integrated approach. Command area project formulation, major, medium and minor projects. Command areas in India, command area activities and their prioritization. Source of budget for CAD works. Structure of command area development, organization, role and responsibilities of CADA.
Unit II
Laser based land grading survey and levelling in command areas. Design of lined and unlined canals. Diversion head works and canal head regulators, cross drainage works, canal falls, canal breaches. Design of On Farm Water Distribution Network, operation and maintenance of canal.
Unit III
Assessment and appraisal of water availability in command areas. Water management problems in command areas and their possible remedies. Duty of water, its determination and factors affecting it. Methods of improving duty of canal water. Feasibility of drip irrigation in irrigated command areas.
Unit IV
Single and multi-objective command area planning for the better management and allocation of irrigation water. Conjunctive use of canal water and groundwater. Real time canal irrigation scheduling.
Unit V
Canal performance indices. Diagnostic analysis and perform appraisal of command area projects. Water user’s association–functions, problems encountered during formation of WUA and strategy and overcome the problems. Participatory irrigation management efforts and strategy for preparing PIM. Socio economic aspects of irrigation management in command areas.
Practical:
Study of canal, tank and tube well in a command area. Study of design and operational parameters of a command area. Study of water balance in a command. Study the impact of command area project on crop yield and environment. Conflict resolution through PRA exercise. Diagnostic analysis of the problems of command area through PRA and field observations. Analysis of equity in water distribution. Considerations for preparation of roistering schedules. Study of the functioning of irrigation cooperatives/water user’s associations. Preparation of command area development plan.
Course No.: IDE 504
Course Title: Water and Nutrient Management under Protected Cultivation
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Significance of soilless culture in agriculture. Functions of the root system. Response of root growth to local nutrient concentrations. Interactions between environmental conditions and form of N nutrition.
Unit II
Roots as source and sink for organic compounds and plant hormones. Physical and chemical properties of soilless media.
Unit III
Water content and water potential in soilless media. Water movement in soilless media. Uptake of water by plants in soilless media and water availability.
Unit IV
Production technology for vegetables under protected conditions in soil and soilless media. Automation for climate control in protected structures. Thermal modeling of greenhouse environment for protected cultivation.
Practical:
Filter types and its selection criteria. Design and installation of drip irrigation system for vegetables and orchards. Irrigation and fertigation scheduling for vegetables and horticultural. Study of different types of sensors, relay and control mechanism for controlled irrigation and fertigation. Design of automated system for irrigation and fertigation. Design and installation of different protected structures as per the guidelines of NHM. Design and fabrication of soilless medium for crop/flower production. Economical evaluation of automated irrigation system and soilless medium for crop/flower production.
Course No.: IDE 506
Course Title: Ground Water Engineering
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Water resources of India. Occurrence, storage and movement of groundwater in alluvial and hard rock formations. Principles of groundwater flow. Interaction between surface water and groundwater.
Unit II
Natural and artificial groundwater recharge. Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater. Groundwater balance. Fluctuation of water table beneath a recharge site. Delineation of groundwater potential zones using RS and GIS, MODFLOW equation.
Unit III
Derivation of hydraulics of fully and partially penetrating wells in confined, leaky and unconfined aquifers. Flow net analysis.
Unit IV
Analysis of multi aquifers. Flow analysis in interfering wells. Pumping tests for estimation of aquifer parameters. Wells near recharge and impermeable boundaries. Skimming well technology.
Unit V
Design of well field. Salt water intrusion in inland and coastal aquifers. Application of groundwater models for groundwater management. Calibration and validation of models.
Practical:
Water table contour maps and determination of groundwater flow. Estimation of aquifer characteristics. Problems on non-leaky and leaky aquifers. Analysis of pumping test data. Computation of interference of wells. Groundwater computer simulation models.
Course No.: IDE 510
Course Title: Minor Irrigation
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Definition, scope, historical background and progress in minor irrigation works in India, Assessment of surface water resource. Design and operation of surface water storage structures.
Unit II
Evaporation and seepage control. Groundwater development methods and their scope. Groundwater extraction devices and methods. Aquifer characteristic and their evaluation. Wells in alluvial and rocky aquifers.
Unit III
Well interference, spacing and multiple well point system for controlled groundwater pumping. Safe yield from wells. Augmentation of well yield through pumping and recovery time management.
Unit IV
Well design, drilling and construction. Tube well strainers, gravel packing and resistance to flow. Pumps and prime movers for groundwater lifting. Diagnosis of sick and failed wells and their remediation.
Unit V
Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater. Legislation for groundwater development and management. Groundwater recharge and its use.
Practical:
Measurement of seepage loss from reservoirs. Estimation of inflow to surface reservoir. Measurement of evaporation loss from surface reservoirs. Pumping test and determination of aquifer parameters. Establishment of draw down-discharge characteristic. Well log analysis and deciding on length and placement of strainers. Computation of well interference and deciding on well spacing. Estimation of irrigation for given discharge from well. Estimating pumping cost for irrigation. Analysis of ground water quality. Problems on well design.
Course No.: IDE 513
Course Title: Water Resources Systems Engineering
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Concepts and significance of optimization in water resources management. Model development in water management. Objective functions, deterministic and stochastic inputs.
Unit II
Soil plant atmosphere system. Problem formulation. Mathematical programming techniques: Linear programming, simplex method.
Unit III
Non-linear programming, quadratic programming, integer programming. Transportation problem and solution procedure. Geometric programming and dynamic programming.
Unit IV
Application of optimization techniques for water resources planning. Conjunctive use of water resources. Crop production functions and irrigation optimization.
Unit V
Multi objective water resources planning. Critical path method. Programme evaluation and review technique. Economic models. Project evaluation and discounting methods.
Practical:
Assessment of water resources. Problems related to water allocation in agriculture under single and multiple cropping system. Use of computer software for linear and dynamic programming. Introduction to the use of other programming methods. Sensitivity analysis of different alternatives of water resources development and allocation. Analysis of water demand and supply. Analysis of Competitive demands for water by various sectors of development. Benefits and cost of water resources development.
Course No.: IDE 505
Course Title: Design of Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation Systems
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Suitability of sprinkler and drip irrigation systems under Indian conditions. Basic hydraulics of sprinkler and micro irrigation system.
Unit II
Pipe flow analysis. Friction losses and pressure variation. Flow in nozzles and emitters.
Unit III
Design and evaluation of sprinkler and micro irrigation systems in relation to source, soil, climate and topographical conditions.
Unit IV
Selection of pipe size, pumps and power units. Layout, distribution, efficiency and economics.
Unit V
Fertigation through sprinkler and micro irrigation systems. Fertigation techniques involved in drip and sprinkler irrigation system.
Practical:
Design of drip and sprinkler irrigation system. Calculation of total head. Determination of uniformity of sprinkler discharge at field. Numerical on hydraulics of dripper. Calculation of different types of efficiencies of installed drip system. Calculation of cost benefits of drip and sprinkler irrigation system.
Course No.: IDE 507/ SWCE 507
Course Title: Remote Sensing and GIS for Land and Water Resource Management
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Physics of remote sensing. Electromagnetic radiation (EMR), interaction of EMR with atmosphere, earth surface, soil, water and vegetation. Remote sensing platforms: Monitoring atmosphere, land and water resources: LANDSAT, SPOT, ERS, IKONOS and others. Indian Space Programme.
Unit II
Satellite data analysis. Visual interpretation. Digital image processing. Image pre-processing. Image enhancement. Image classification. Data merging.
Unit III
Basic components of GIS. Map projections and co-ordinate system. Spatial data structure: Raster, vector. Spatial relationship. Topology. Geodatabase models: Hierarchical, network, relational, object-oriented models. Integrated GIS database. Common sources of error. Data quality: Macro, micro and Usage level components, Meta data. Spatial data transfer
standards.
Unit IV
Thematic mapping. Measurement in GIS: Length, perimeter and areas. Query analysis. Reclassification, Buffering and Neighborhood functions. Map overlay: Vector and raster
overlay. Interpolation and network analysis. Digital elevation modelling. Analytical Hierarchy Process. Object oriented GIS, AM/FM/GIS and Web Based GIS.
Unit V
Spatial data sources. 4M GIS approach water resources system. Thematic maps. Rainfall runoff modelling, groundwater modelling and water quality modelling. Flood inundation mapping and modelling. Drought monitoring. Cropping pattern change analysis. Performance evaluation of irrigation commands. Site selection for artificial recharge. Reservoir sedimentation.
Practical:
Familiarization with the remote sensing instruments and satellite imagery. Aerial Photograph and scale determination with stereoscope. Interpretation of satellite imagery and aerial photograph. Determination of Parallaxes in images. Introduction to digital image processing software and GIS software and their working principles. Generation of digital elevation model (DEM) for land and water resource management. Case studies on mapping, monitoring and management of natural resources using remote sensing and GIS.
Course No.: IDE 508
Course Title: Waste Water Management and Utilization in Agriculture
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Status of wastewater in India. Sources of contamination and characterization of urban and rural wastewater for irrigation. Water quality: Physical, chemical and biological parameters of wastewater.
Unit II
Water quality requirement: Potable water standards, wastewater effluent standards, water quality indices. Irrigation water quality standards and guidelines for their restricted and unrestricted uses. Selection of appropriate forestry trees, fruits, vegetables, oilseeds and food grain crop for wastewater utilization.
Unit III
Control measures for preventing soil and other surface/groundwater source contamination. Different types of wastewaters, pollutants and contaminants. Impact of wastewater on ecosystem, eutrophication, biomagnification, water borne diseases.
Unit IV
Wastewater treatment methods: Physical, chemical and biological. General water treatments: Wastewater recycling, constructed wetlands, reed bed system. Carbon foot prints of wastewater reuse. Environmental standards.
Unit V
Regulation and environmental impact assessment (EIA): Environmental standards-CPCB Norms for discharging industrial effluents to public sewers. Stages of EIA-Monitoring and Auditing. Environmental clearance procedure in India.
Practical:
Measurement of water quality indices in the lab. Field demonstration of impact of waste water on eco-system and human health. Waste water treatment methods and effect of waste water in contamination of ground water. Visit of waste water treatment plant near by area.
Course No.: IDE 509
Course Title: Water Conveyance and Distribution
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Channel characteristics. Prismatic and non-prismatic channel. Steady, unsteady, uniform and non-uniform flow. Open channel and their properties. Energy and momentum, critical flow computation and application. Basic Concepts of free surface flow, classification of flow, velocity and pressure distribution.
Unit II
Uniform flow, conservation laws and specific energy. Application of momentum and energy equation. Channel transition. Study of critical flow, uniform flow, gradually varied flow, rapid varied flow, spatially varied flow and unsteady flow and their computations.
Unit III
Energy dissipation. Flow control structures and flow measurement. Theories and methods of open channel design.
Unit IV
Sediment transport in channels. Regime flow theories. Tractive force theory. Design of stable channels.
Unit V
Basic principles of pipe flow, pipe flow problems and equivalent pipe. Principles of network synthesis. Pipe network analysis. Water transmission lines. Cost considerations: Single-Input source. Branched systems: Single-Input source. Looped Systems: Multi-Input source. Branched systems: multi-Input source, Looped systems. Decomposition of a large water system and optimal zone size.
Practical:
Computation and use of geometrical and hydraulic elements of open channel. Use of flow measuring devices and methods and their limitations. Examination of velocity distribution and calculation of energy and momentum coefficients. Solution of channel design problems. Appraisal of flow control and distribution structures. Analysis and computation of flow profiles.
Course No.: IDE 511
Course Title: Design of Pumps for Irrigation and Drainage
Credit hours: 2+0
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Basic hydraulic design of centrifugal pump. Net positive suction head and cavitation, vapour pressure, water hammering problem in centrifugal pump.
Unit II
Principles and design of pumping systems for agricultural drainage. Selection and performance of characteristics of vertical turbine pump, submersible pump and axial flow pump.
Unit III
Multiple well point system and their design. Energy requirement in groundwater pumping.
Unit IV
Non-conventional energy sources for pumping, wind mills, micro turbines, solar pumps. Hydraulic ram: Selection and design criteria. Solar photovoltaic system.
Unit V
Design of pumping station. Techno-economic evaluation. Efficient pumping system operation, flow control strategies and conservation measures for pumping systems.
Course No.: IDE 512
Course Title: Crop Environmental Engineering
Credit hours: 2+0
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Principles of heat, mass and momentum transport. Transport of radiant energy, radiation environment, micro climatology of radiation. Micrometeorology: Turbulent transfer profiles and fluxes. Interpretation of flux measurement. Laws of electromagnetic radiation, its measurement and estimation.
Unit II
Profile balance of heat, mass and momentum in and above crop communities. Climatic changes and plant response to environmental stresses. Measurement and estimation of potential evapotranspiration on point and regional scale.
Unit III
Root anatomy, water flow in roots and root density models (microscopic and macroscopic). Stem anatomy and pressure volume curves. Methods of measuring water status in plants.
Estimating ET using three temperature model and MODIS algorithm. Soil–Plant–Atmosphere system: Basic properties. Dynamics of water movement. ET-yield relations.
Unit IV
Principles of optimal scheduling of irrigation and seasonal allocation of limiting water supplies using LP and DP. Seasonal and dated production functions. Crop yield modelling and condition assessment. Instrumentation and techniques for monitoring plant environments.
Unit V
Design and operation of controlled environment facilities and their instrumentation. Climatic changes and plant response to environmental stresses. Evapotranspiration models.
Course No.: IDE 514
Course Title: Irrigation Economics Planning and Management
Credit hours: 2+0
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Economic analysis. Problems in project selection. Methods and approaches to water pricing. Criteria for investment and pricing in irrigation projects. Social benefits, problems and causes of under-utilization. Mathematics of economic analysis. Cost allocation, separable and non-separable costs. Discounting factors and techniques. Determination of benefits, cost and benefit analysis. Project evaluation. Limitations of benefit-cost analysis. Dynamics of project analysis.
Unit II
Role of financial analysis. Distinctions from economic analysis. Financial feasibility and analysis. Impact of public policies on regulation and allocation of irrigation water. Relative economic efficiency of alternative irrigation water management models. Irrigation system improvement by simulation and optimization to enhance irrigation water use efficiency.
Unit III
Indian agriculture, main problems, population, government policies, systems, organizing agriculture production. Farm Management: Definition, importance, scope, relation with other sciences and its characteristics.
Unit IV
Socio-economic survey. Importance of such survey in planning, implementation and evaluation of project performance. Planning of socio-economic survey, types of data sets to be collected, preparing the questionnaires form, schedules sampling, editing and scrutinizing of secondary data, classification and analysis of data.
Unit V
Role of farm management principles in decision making for irrigated agriculture. Decision making process, assessing risk and uncertainty in planning.
Course No.: IDE 515
Course Title: Sensing and Automation in Irrigation Systems
Credit hours: 3+0
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Sensing and sensors. Sensor classifications. Wireless sensor networks. History of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Communication in a WSN. Important design constraints of a WSN like Energy, self‐management, wireless networking, decentralized management, design constraints, security etc.
Unit II
Node architecture. Sensing subsystem. Analog-to-Digital converter. The processor subsystem, architectural overview, microcontroller, digital signal processor, application specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array (FPGA).
Unit III
Communication interfaces, serial peripheral interface, inter-integrated circuit, the IMote node architecture, The XYZ node architecture, the Hogthrob node architecture.
Unit IV
Applications in surface irrigation automation, automation based on volume, time, fertigation scheduling, water logging, salinity, oxygen diffusion systems, etc.
IDE 591 Seminar
IDE 599 Master’s Research
Course No.: SWCE 501
Course Title: Advanced Soil and Water Conservation Engineering
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Concept of probability in design of soil and water conservation structures. Probability and continuous frequency distribution. Fitting empirical distributions.
Unit II
Relevance of soil and water conservation in agriculture and in the river valley projects. Layout and planning of soil and water conservation measures. Software’s for design of conservation structures.
Unit III
Productivity loss due to soil erosion. Water stress and water excess. Types and mechanics of soil erosion. Software’s for soil loss estimation, WEAP, EPIC
Unit IV
Theories of sediment transport. Control of runoff and sediment loss. Sediment deposition process. Estimation of sediment load.
Unit V
Design of soil and water conservation structures: Check dams, gully plugs, gabion structures, earth dams, silt detention dams, farm ponds, etc., and the alternate use of the stored water for agriculture. Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Soil and Water Conservation.
Practical:
Assessment of erosive status of a watershed through field measurement or analysis of morphometric properties. Estimation of erosivity index of rainfall. Determination of soil physical properties: Texture, grain size distribution, Atterberg’s limits, various moisture percentages. Locating best possible sites of soil and water conservation structures on the basis of map features and erosivity status. Estimation of costs of soil and water conservation measures.
Course No.: SWCE 502
Course Title: Applied Watershed Hydrology
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Hydrology in water resources planning, rainfall, surface runoff and sub-surface runoff as components of hydrologic cycle. Runoff phenomena, relationship between precipitation and runoff. Stream flow measurement and analysis of data in detail.
Unit II
Synthetic unit hydrograph. Recent advances in analysis of hydrologic data and flow from small watersheds. Methods of runoff estimation from small watersheds. Use of IUH and
various methods of estimation. Runoff estimation models: SCS, CN software.
Unit III
Micro climate, estimation methods of evaporation. Advances and improvements in rational approach. SCS approach criticism and improvements.
Unit IV
Hydrological hazard functions. Methods of estimation of hydrologic parameters. Data transformation.
Unit V
Calibration and evaluation of hydrologic models. Computer simulation of hydrological process in small watersheds.
Practical:
Delineation of watershed and study of watershed characteristics. Measurement of rainfall and runoff in a watershed and data analysis. Estimation of infiltration and runoff from a watershed. Analysis and derivation of various types of hydrographs. Flood routing. Reservoir sedimentation. Watershed model components. Visit to a watershed.
Course No.: SWCE 504
Course Title: Stochastic Hydrology
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Hydrologic cycle, Systems concept, Hydrologic systems model. Classification of hydrologic models, Statistical, stochastic and deterministic approaches. Statistical characteristics of hydrological data, probability distribution of hydrologic variables. Deterministic and stochastic hydrology, Cause and effect analysis. Hydrologic time series analysis– nature, stationarity and ergodicity, components of time series, trend, periodicity and stochastic parts, parameter estimation of probability distributions. Analysis of hydrologic extremes.
Unit II
Multivariate regression analysis, correlation analysis, correlation coefficient and its significance in regional analysis. Developing prediction equation by simple and multiple linear regression. Reliability of the Model.
Unit III
Stochastic Process: Classification, stationary process. Time series: Classification, component of time series. Methods of investigation: Auto correlation coefficient, moving average process, auto regressive process, auto regressive moving average process, auto regressive integrated moving average process. Spectral analysis, analysis of multivariate hydrologic series.
Unit IV
Thomas Fiering model, Box Jenkins model. Model formulation: Parameter estimation, calibration and validation. Application to hydrologic data. Generation and forecasting. Regional flood frequency analysis. Transformations, Hypothesis testing.
Unit V
Modeling hydrologic uncertainty. First order Markov process, Markov chain, Data generation, Hydrologic time series analysis, Modelling of hydrologic time series.
Practical:
To estimate various statistical parameters of the hydrologic variables, estimating missing data in historical series, various parameter estimation methods like method of moments, method of maximum likelihood, method of mixed moments, probability of weighted moments fitting discrete and continuous distribution functions to variables, application of transformation techniques to historical data for estimating variables at different return periods, determining correlation and regression coefficients, analyzing multivariate regression, autocorrelation coefficient for independent and correlated events, fitting ARMA models, fitting Markov models of first and second order, regional frequency analysis, time series analysis of the historical data, estimating and fitting Thomas Fiering Model.
Course No.: SWCE 506
Course Title: Flow Through Porous Media
Credit hours: 2+0
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Aquifer and fluid properties, forces holding water in soils, hydrodynamics in porous media and limitations of governing laws.
Unit II
Differential equations of saturated flow, initial and boundary conditions. Dupuit and Business approximations and linearization techniques.
Unit III
Stream functions, potential functions and flow net theory. Analysis of seepage from canals and ditches.
Unit IV
Unsaturated flow theory, Infiltration and capillary rise flux dynamics. Movement of groundwater in fractured and swelling porous media.
Unit V
Hydro-dynamic dispersion in soil-aquifer system. Velocity hydrograph, flow characteristics at singular points, examples of velocity hydrograph, solution by complex velocity, solution of triangular dam, drainage in retaining structures, influence of seepage on stability of slopes, drainage methods for stability of slopes.
Course No.: SWCE 510
Course Title: Dryland Water Management Technologies
Credit hours: 2+0
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Drought severity assessment: Meteorological, hydrological and agricultural methods. Drought indices. GIS based drought information system, drought vulnerability assessment and mapping using GIS. DPAP programme, drought monitoring constraints, limiting crop production in dry land areas. Types of droughts, characterization of environment for water availability, crop planning for erratic and aberrant weather conditions.
Unit II
Stress physiology and crop resistance to drought, adaptation of crop plants to drought, drought management strategies. Preparation of appropriate crop plans for dry land areas. Mid contingent plan for aberrant weather conditions.
Unit III
Land shaping and land development for soil moisture conservation. Improvement of tillage and soil management by implements and engineering practices. Soil and moisture conservation for rainfed lands through improved implements and engineering practices. Gel technology. Ex-situ measures: Water harvesting-micro catchments. Design of small water harvesting structures: Farm Ponds, percolation tanks their types and design, recycling of runoff water for crop productivity.
Unit IV
Crops and cropping practices related to soil and moisture conservation. Fertility management in dryland farming. Planning and development of watersheds from engineering view point. Case studies.
Unit V
Application of aerial photography in surveys and planning of watersheds for rainfed agriculture. Use of Remote Sensing in soil moisture estimation.
Course No.: SWCE 503
Course Title: Soil and Water Conservation Structures
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Design, planning and layout of soil and water conservation structures. Criteria of selection of appropriate structures as per soil, land use and climatic conditions.
Unit II
Design and construction of earthen dam, stability analysis of land slopes and soil mass including landslides.
Unit III
Hydrological and structural design including stress analysis. Hydraulic jump and energy dissipaters for soil conservation structures.
Unit IV
Seepage through dams, flow net and determination of uplift pressure in drop structures, design of energy dissipaters.
Unit V
Design of water harvesting structures, construction, maintenance and utilization of stored water. Mechanized construction techniques for soil and water conservation structures.
Practical:
Numerical approach on probability distribution functions. Stability analysis and structural design of masonry water harvesting structures. Design of earthen dams and other energy dissipating structures. Cost analysis of water harvesting structures. Field visit to already constructed water harvesting structures in the nearby area/watershed.
Course No.: SWCE 505
Course Title: Watershed Management and Modeling
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Concept of watershed, its hydrological and geomorphological characteristics. Status of watershed management programs in India. Problems of desertification and degradation.
Unit II
Concept of watershed management and sustainability, participatory approach and operational watershed. Surveys, monitoring, reclamation and conservation of agricultural and forest watersheds, hill slopes and ravines.
Unit III
Watershed management research instrumentation and measurement, problem identification, simulation and synthesis. Rainfed farming and drought management. Modeling of flood and drought phenomenon.
Unit IV
Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in watershed management and modeling. Watershed modeling approaches, mathematical bases and structure of existing watershed models.
Unit V
Environmental impact assessment of watersheds. Quantitative evaluation of management techniques. National land use policy, legal and social aspects. Case studies of watershed management.
Practical:
Selection and delineation of a watershed. Benchmark surveys. Preparation of watershed land use map. Preparation of watershed development proposal. Preparation of watershed evaluation and impact assessment report. Application of watershed models for evaluation of conservation treatments. Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in watershed management and modeling.
Course No.: SWCE 507
Course Title: Remote Sensing and GIS for Land and Water Resource Management
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Physics of remote sensing, electromagnetic radiation (EMR), interaction of EMR with atmosphere, earth surface, soil, water and vegetation. Remote sensing platform, monitoring atmosphere, land and water resources: LANDSAT, SPOT, ERS, IKONOS and others, Indian Space Programme.
Unit II
Satellite Data analysis: Visual interpretation, digital image processing, image pre-processing, image enhancement, image classification and data merging.
Unit III
Definition: Basic components of GIS, map projections and co-ordinate system, spatial data structure-raster, vector, spatial relationship, topology, geodatabase models, hierarchical network, relational, object-oriented models, integrated GIS database-common sources of error–data quality: Macro, micro and usage level components, meta data, Spatial data transfer standards.
Unit IV
Thematic mapping, measurements in GIS: Length, perimeter and areas. Query analysis, reclassification: Buffering, neighbourhood functions, map overlay: Vector and raster overlay: Interpolation, network analysis, digital elevation modelling. Analytical Hierarchy Process, Object oriented GIS–AM/FM/GIS, Web Based GIS.
Unit V
Spatial data sources: 4M GIS approach water resources system, Thematic maps, rainfall runoff modelling, groundwater modelling, water quality modelling and flood inundation mapping and modelling. Drought monitoring, cropping pattern change analysis, performance evaluation of irrigation commands. Site selection for artificial recharge, reservoir sedimentation.
Practical:
Familiarization with the Remote sensing instruments and satellite imagery. Aerial Photograph and scale determination with stereoscope. Interpretation of satellite imageries and aerial photographs. Determination of Parallaxes in images. Introduction to digital image processing software and GIS software and their working principles. Generation of digital elevation model (DEM) for land and water resource management. Case studies on mapping, monitoring and management of natural resources using remote sensing and GIS.
Course No.: SWCE 508
Course Title: Climate Change and Water Resources
Credit hours: 3+0
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
The climate system: Definitions, climate, climate system, climate change. Drivers of climate change, characteristics of climate system components: Greenhouse effect, carbon cycle, wind systems. Trade winds and the Hadley Cell, ozone hole in the stratosphere, El Nino, La Nina– ENSO, teleconnections.
Unit II
Impacts of climate change: Observed and projected, global and Indian scenario, observed changes and projected changes of IPCC: Impacts on water resources, NATCOM Report, impacts on sectoral vulnerabilities, SRES, different scenarios, climate change impacts on ET and irrigation demand.
Unit III
Tools for vulnerability assessment: Need for vulnerability assessment, steps for assessment, approaches for assessment. Models: Quantitative models, Economic models, impact matrix approach, Box models, Zero-dimensional models, Radioactive-convective models, Higher dimension models, EMICs (Earth-system models of intermediate complexity), GCMs (global climate models or general circulation models), Sectoral models.
Unit IV
Adaptation and mitigation water: Related adaptation to climate change in the fields of ecosystems and biodiversity, agriculture and food security, land use and forestry, human health, water supply and sanitation, infrastructure and economy (insurance, tourism, industry and transportation), Adaptation, vulnerability and sustainable development.
Unit V
Sector specific mitigation: Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS), bio-energy crops, biomass electricity, hydropower, geothermal energy, energy use in buildings, land-use change and management, cropland management, afforestation and reforestation. Potential water resource conflicts between adaptation and mitigation. Implications for policy and sustainable development.
Case studies
Water resources assessment case studies: Ganga Damodar Project, Himalayan glacier studies, Ganga valley project. Adaptation strategies in assessment of water resources. Hydrological design practices and dam safety, operation policies for water resources projects. Flood management strategies, drought management strategies, temporal and spatial assessment of water for irrigation, land use and cropping pattern, coastal zone management strategies.
Course No.: SWCE 509
Course Title: Numerical Methods in Hydrology
Credit hours: 2+0
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Review of finite difference operators. Concept of linear space and basis functions. Approximating from finite dimensional sub spaces.
Unit II
Variational and weighted residual methods. Langrange polynomials. Triangular and quadrilateral shape functions.
Unit III
Isoparametric elements and transformation of coordinates. Basis functions in three dimensions.
Unit IV
Galerkin finite element solution of Laplace, diffusion and dispersion-convection equations.
Unit V
Method of collocation, application in surface and sub surface hydrology.
SWCE 591 Seminar
SWCE 599 Master’s Research
Course No.: RSGIS 501
Course Title: Principles of Remote Sensing
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Overview of Remote Sensing: Definition of terms, Concepts and Types of remote sensing, Electro Magnetic Radiation, spectrum, sources of EMR, Interaction of EMR with the atmosphere and targets& atmospheric windows
Unit II
Imaging spectroscopy and Spectral signatures of various land cover features Principles of visual interpretation and keys for visual interpretation, Techniques of visual interpretation. Types of Platforms
Unit III
Orbit of satellite Kepler law, Satellite characteristics. Satellite for earth observation Imaging Modes, Types and Classification of Sensors, Characteristics of Optical Sensor, Sensor Resolutions- Spatial, Spectral, Temporal and Radiometric Data reception and Transmission, data quality, Global and Indian Data Products, Errors types and Sources, Radiometric, Geometric and Atmospheric errors
Unit IV
Principles of Microwave Remote Sensing, air craft radar system, SLAR-components, wave lengths range and azimuth resolution, Micro wave sensors and image characteristics and interpretation
Unit V
Emissivity of different data products, Characteristics of Images and different types of available data products, Thermal Image Interpretation, Hyper-spectral Remote sensing
Practical
Satellite Image Annotation and Referencing Scheme. Digital Referencing Scheme. IR Thermal Radiation Measuring Instruments and drawing of Isotherms and plotting diurnal variation curve. Understanding of Spectral Response Pattern of different Land cover objects. Ground Data collection instruments, Radiometers, Spectrometers etc. and Ground Data collection in a given area with the help of Radiometers and Spectrometers.
Course No.: RSGIS 502
Course Title: Geomatics, Geodesy and GPS
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Components and functions of GIS, Data types and spatial data models, Spatial data and attribute data, their sources, Geographical data formats. Digitizing
Unit II
Spatial Data quality and uncertainty. Non Spatial Database Creation, Database design using RDBMS, Vector & raster based analysis: Single and multi- layer raster and vector analysis, map overlay, Spatial Join, Buffering analysis, network analysis, optimum path, multi criteria analysis.
Unit III
Cloud GIS, Free and Open source tools and web resources, Decision support systems
Unit IV
Introduction to geodesy and its development, Earth and its size, shape, motions. Earth and its gravity field and its atmosphere, temporal variations, gravitational field of the atmosphere.
Unit V
GPS working principle and history, Types of receivers; GPS satellite Signals, Accuracy and error sources. GPS applications, Fundamentals of Mobile Mapping and its application.
Practical:
Familiarization With GIS Software, Geo-referencing and Projection, Spatial Data Entry & Editing, Linking Spatial and Non Spatial Data, Query and Analysis, Vector Data Analysis, Network Analysis and Modeling, Output Map Generation, Exercise on Multi criteria Analysis, Field exercise on GPS data collection in stand-alone and Differential Mode, Field Exercise on Mobile mapping, Demo on Decision Support System.
Course No.: RSGIS 504
Course Title: Introduction to Photogrammetry and Cartography
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Optics, Photogrammetry, Aerial Cameras, Types of Photographs, Geometry of aerial photographs, Scale of aerial photographs, Tilt, Relief, Displacement
Unit II
Stereovision and stereoscopes, Concept of parallax, Rotation matrix, Concept of omega. Phi and kappa, Aerial triangulation, Theory of orientation, Co linearity and co planarity, Transformation matrices
Unit III
Stereo coverage from satellite sensor, Automatic DEM generation, Polynomial rectification, RFM/RFC, Grid sampling criteria, Grid re sampling methods, DTM derivatives, Differential rectification ortho image
Unit IV
Image map generation, Type of maps-topographic & Thematic maps, Cartographic representation of geographic objects, Map projection, Map projection types
Unit V
Digital mapping/Digital Cartography, Integration with geo spatial database, Grid sampling criteria, Grid re-sampling methods
Practical
Base map preparation from topographical sheet, Orientation of stereo model, Tracing of details in stereo pair, Use of parallax bar, Determination of height from stereo pair, Map projection conversion, DEM interpolation, DEM derivative extraction, Field exercise
Course No.: RSGIS 506
Course Title: Application of RS and GIS for Soil Resources Management
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Physiographic analysis and their relationship with soils, Soil mapping using aerial and satellite remote sensing data
Unit II
Kinds of soil survey, basic concept of soil profile, spectra characteristics of soils, land capability classification, land evaluation for optimal land use planning
Unit III
Identification, and mapping of wastelands and degraded lands, mapping of soil salinity and water logging, soil moisture estimation
Unit IV
Concept of watershed and watershed management, types of drainage and their delineation, soil erosion and erosion hazard assessment, soil conservation and management
Unit V
Soil Information System and soil coding.
Practical:
Study and mapping of physiography using RS data, relationship between physiography and soil types, soil mapping using aerial and satellite data, identification and delineation of soil salinity and water logging, sand dunes, gullied and ravenous lands, soil erosion mapping, soil-site suitability evaluation, study of drainage and their characteristics, delineation of watersheds, soil coding and soil information system in GIS.
Course No.: RSGIS 507
Course Title: Application of RS and GIS for Water Resources Management
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Development of scientific hydrology, importance of water, occurrence of water, hydrological cycle, Overview of remote sensing and GIS applications in hydrology.
Unit II
Soil moisture at local and global scale, soil moisture retrieval using satellite data. Potential evapotranspiration and factors controlling it, Groundwater, originand occurrence, storage, types of aquifers, groundwater movement, level mapping.
Unit III
Water pollution, and use of remote sensing in water quality studies. Evaluation of surface water resources and groundwater, water supplies and utilization, problems, policies and management.
Unit IV
GIS for surface water modeling- groundwater modeling. Concept of irrigation command area development. Hydrologic Information System.
Practical:
Basin/catchment/watershed delineation, Statistical and spatial analysis of precipitation data, Surface water body mapping and water quality analysis, Estimation of surface runoff using SCS method, Estimation of climatic water balance components, Rainfall retrieval using satellite data, Irrigation command area mapping using multi-temporal satellite data, Performance evaluation of irrigation command area, Ground water targeting, Ground water modeling.
Course No.: RSGIS 508
Course Title: Application of RS and GIS for Land Resources Management
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Need for land resource development and planning. Land use/landcover classification schemes Utility of remote sensing data for land resource management. High resolution images, various vegetation indices. Levels & Scales of mapping. Visual and digital image interpretation techniques. Classification accuracy
Unit II
Assessment. Technologies for Large Scale Mapping (LSM) of urban areas. Total Station Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). Issues in Large Scale Mapping. Selecting appropriate technologies and methodologies.
Unit III
Concept and history of cadastral survey, Cadastral survey methods and survey maintenance, cadastral map reproduction, development of cadastral information system.
Unit IV
Governance of urban regions: mapping administrative boundaries, city base map generation, property enumeration and property GIS, tax revenue rationalization
Practical: Land Use/Land Cover Mapping-Visual and digital analysis of satellite data. Mapping accuracy assessment. LU/LC temporal change analysis. Land Evaluation: Land irrigability classification, Land capability classification, Productivity indices and FAO method. Field work for ground truth data collections.
Course No.: RSGIS 503
Course Title: Digital Image Processing
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Concept of digital Image, Image Histogram, Color Composites-FCC Generation, Data and Image Storage Formats, Data Compression
Unit II
Radiometric Compression, Image Rectification, Contrast Enhancement, Spatial and Frequency Domain Filtering
Unit III
Spectral Indices, Image Transformations, Image Classification: Types, Image Classification: Unsupervised, Image Classification: Supervised
Unit IV
Image Fusion, Change detection concepts and algorithms, Concept of feature extraction process. Data Processing techniques, Spectral Similarity Analysis
Unit V
End member analysis, Information extraction from Hyperspectral Imagery, Digital Processing of Microwave data, LiDar data visualization and processing
Practical:
Familiarization with DIP and Software’s, Importing Raw Data and Subsets, displaying image data, Identification of objects, Image rectification and registration, Spectral Indices, Principal Component Analysis, Ground truth collection and field exercise, Unsupervised Classification, Supervised Classification, Image data fusion, Change detection analysis, Processing of hyperspectral data Neural network, Fuzzy logic, Processing of microwave data.
Course No.: RSGIS 505
Course Title: Agri-Informatics
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Overview and importance, Need for Agri-informatics, Spectral characteristics of crops, Spectral Vegetation Indices
Unit II
Crop discrimination and acreage estimation, Crop yield modeling and condition assessment, Significance of temporal satellite data, Cropping System analysis
Unit III
Imaging spectroscopy, Optimum narrow bands and physiological narrow band indices, Red edge & their indices for crop stress assessment, Precision agriculture, prospects and scope in Indian agriculture, Crop parameter retrieval, Key biometric parameters
Unit IV
Crop discrimination, Crop growth monitoring and assessment, Crop parameters retrieval from microwave data, Relational Agri-database information storage and retrieval
Unit V
Productivity Constraints Analysis, Yield gap analysis, Early warning system, Decision Support System (DSS) in agriculture
Practical:
Spectral reflectance of crops, Digital analysis, Crop discrimination and area estimation, Cropping pattern & cropping indices analysis, Spectral vegetation index based yield model, Crop condition assessment, Crop stress assessment using hyper-spectral satellite data, SAR data analysis for crop discrimination, Area estimation using SAR data, Ground truth data collection, SDSS for crop input optimization.
Ph.D. Degree Programme (Irrigation and Drainage Engineering)
Course No.: IDE 603
Course Title: Hydro-Mechanics and Groundwater Modeling
Credit hours: 3+0
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Concept of soil aquifer system, flow of water in partially saturated soils. Partial differential equation of flow, pressure under curved water films, moisture characteristic functions.
Unit II
Physical models, Analog models, Mathematical modelling, Unsaturated flow models, Numerical modelling of groundwater flow, Finite difference equations and solutions.
Successive over relaxation. Alternating direction implicit procedure. Crank Nicolson equation. Iterative methods. Direct methods. Inverse problem. Finite element method.
Unit III
Determination of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and model for its estimation. Diffusivity and its measurement. Infiltration and exfiltration from soils in absence and presence of water table.
Unit IV
Fence diagram and aquifer mapping. Movement of groundwater in fractured and swelling porous media. Spatial variability, theory of krigging.
Unit V
Data requirements. Conceptual model design: Conceptualization of aquifer system. Parameters, Input-output stresses, Initial and Boundary conditions. Model design and execution: Grid design, Setting boundaries, Time discretization and transient simulation. Model calibration: Steady state and unsteady state. Sensitivity analysis. Model validation and prediction. Uncertainty in the model prediction.
Course No.: IDE 604
Course Title: Soil-Water-Plant-Atmospheric Modeling
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory
Unit I
Radiation balance of earth’s surface. Turbulent transport of heat and momentum. Radiation exchange and heat transfer in a low plant cover.
Unit II
Measurement of radiation, leaf and air temperature, humidity and wind profiles within plant cover. Predicting potential evapotranspiration.
Unit III
Thermodynamics of flow through plant cells. Dynamics of water movement through soil plant atmosphere system. Stomatal aperture, photosynthesis and actual evapotranspiration relationship.
Unit IV
Production functions of evapotranspiration. Evapo-transpiration in mathematical modelling and optimization of design and regulation of irrigation systems and for utilization of limited water resources in agriculture.
Unit V
Crop water requirement under protected cultivation and remote sensing-based modeling.
Practical:
Estimation of potential evapotranspiration. Measurement of ET parameters under open and protected cultivation and development of stochastic and deterministic models of ET. Use of software for estimation of crop water requirement and ET.
Course No.: IDE 605
Course Title: Plant Growth Modeling and Simulation
Credit hours: 2+0
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Introduction to plant growth modeling. Simulation and simulation language. Types of models and modeling approaches.
Unit II
Relational diagram of principle process. Structure of a generalized agricultural simulator. Input environment and techniques for monitoring plant environment.
Unit III
Process and aspects of growth and development. Input yield models. Quantitative analysis of photosynthesis, respiration, growth, water and nutrient uptake. Yield functions.
Unit IV
Remote sensing-based modeling and field variability of growth influencing factors.
Course No.: IDE 601
Course Title: Recent Developments in Irrigation Engineering
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Geospatial analysis of hydraulic properties of the soil. Surge flow irrigation systems. One dimensional and two-dimensional zero inertia modelling of border irrigation, surge irrigation and furrow irrigation. Integral equation solutions to surface irrigation. Design of irrigation runoff recovery systems. Cablegation: Automated supply for surface irrigation. Analyzing wind distortion in sprinkler irrigation systems uniformity.
Unit II
Design of sub-surface drip irrigation systems. Modeling soil water regimes and solute distribution emanating from surface and sub-surface drip irrigation systems. Recent developments in designs of surface and sub-surface drip irrigation systems. Effects of emitter variability and plant and soil variability on soil moisture distribution uniformity. Irrigation scheduling through partial root zone irrigation. Low energy drip irrigation systems.
Unit III
Drip irrigation for poor quality water. Drip automation for time and volume. Drip irrigation system modification for waste water utilization. Modeling deficit irrigation and crop yield in response to hydraulic variation of the system and distribution uniformity of the soil-crop water fertilizer response function. Crop water salinity response function.
Unit IV
Drip irrigation in command area development. Mulching and its effect on crop productivity. Analyzing moisture and temperature profiles with time and depth. Effect of shading and mulching on crop productivity, vapour phase movement.
Practical:
Designing border irrigation using zero inertia model, volume balance approaches, evaluating surge flow irrigation systems, operation of segmented border irrigation systems for enhancing water use efficiency, geospatial analysis of soil properties, design and planning of surface drip irrigation systems using various designs, design of subsurface drip irrigation, analyzing three-dimensional moisture movement under subsurface drip irrigation using simple empirical models, design and planning of surface and subsurface drainage systems, developing the irrigation schedules using partial root zone irrigation, seasonal and dated production functions for forecasting crop yield.
Course No.: IDE 602
Course Title: Advances in Drainage Engineering
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Physics of land drainage. Forces, surface tension and energy effects water. Energy of soil water. Capillary potential.
Unit II
Devices to measure capillary potential. Hystersis, Darcy’s law. Synthetic materials for drainage systems. Environmental issues related to drainage. Socio-economic impacts of drainage systems.
Unit III
Laplace equation its derivation and solution in various forms. Boundary value problems, Liner flow laws.
Unit IV
Drainage criteria saturated flow theory, steady flow and non-steady flow. Controlled drainage for reducing agricultural non-point pollution. Application of simulation models for drainage systems.
Unit V
Flow equations in general and the approach. Flow problem and physical boundary conditions.
Practical:
Steady state and non-steady state flow problems. Measurement of capillary potential. Use of various synthetic materials under the field condition. Use of simulated models for drainage system.
Course No.: SWCE 603
Course Title: Reservoir Operation and River Basin Modeling
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Water resources system analysis: Techniques, concept, objectives and applications.
Unit II
Identification and evaluation of water management plans. Demand analysis, policy formulation. Water resources planning objectives. Water resources planning under uncertainty.
Unit III
Definition of terminologies and basic concepts. Theories and principles of IRBM processes/phases in integrated river basin management. River basins, river functions. Human interventions and impacts. River basins in India, related case studies. Water resources planning in river basins. Operational management, tools and methods. Monitoring, acquisition and processing of water resource data.
Unit IV
Statistical methods. Decision support systems. Deterministic river basin modeling. Stream flow estimation, estimating reservoir storage, mass diagram analysis, sequent peak analysis, single and multi-reservoir operation models. Economics and finance.
Unit V
Stochastic river basin modeling: Single reservoir design and operation, multisite river basin models, stochastic linear programming operation models.
Practical:
Development of regression models, stochastic models and deterministic models for river basin based on stream flow data. Estimation of reservoir storage and preparation of operation models.
Course No.: SWCE 604
Course Title: Modeling Soil Erosion Processes and Sedimentation
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Mechanics of soil erosion. Erosion-sedimentation systems of small watersheds. Overland flow theory and simulation. Basic theory of particle and sediment transport. Sediment deposition processes.
Unit II
Modeling upland erosion and component processes. Modes of transport and transport capacity concept and computation. Channel erosion. Erosion and sediment yield measurement and estimates.
Unit III
Reservoir sedimentation surveys and computation. Classification of models, structure and mathematical bases of sediment yield models. Nature and properties of sediment: Individual and group of particles. Critical tractive force, lift and drag forces. Shield’s analysis.
Unit IV
Calibration and testing of models. Universal soil loss equation, its modification and revisions. Stochastic and dynamic sediment yield models.
Unit V
Evaluation of erosion control measures. Computer models used for hydrologic and/or watershed modeling.
Practical:
Computation of soil erosion index. Estimation of soil erodibility factor. Design of erosion control structures. Computation of suspended load and sediment load using empirical formulae. Application of sediment yield models. Prediction of sediment loss. Computation of reservoir sedimentation, sounding method.
Course No.: SWCE 605
Course Title: Waste Water Treatment and Utilization
Credit hours: 3+1
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Types of waste water, causes of pollution, analysis of pollutants in the waste effluents, biological wastewater treatment, biological sludge treatment. Biological systems: Fundamentals of microbiology and biochemistry, bioenergetics and metabolism, kinetics of biological growth. Process analysis: Reaction rates, effect of temperature on reaction rate, enzyme reaction and kinetics, effect of temperature on reaction rate. Reactor analysis, residence time distribution.
Unit II
Sewerage system: Domestic wastewater characteristics, flow equalization, population equivalent, treatment flow chart. Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment of domestic wastewater. Downstream wastewater treatment for reuse and recycle. Need for downstream processing. Guidelines for wastewater recycling. Small and package plants for wastewater treatment.
Unit III
Activated sludge process: Substrate utilization and biomass growth, Monod’s kinetics, estimation of kinetic parameters. Process Description and its Modification, Process design, process performance evaluation, trouble shooting. Nitrogen removal-Biological nitrification and denitrification.
Unit IV
Activated sludge process design for nutrient removal. Process operation: (F/M), mean cell residence time, oxygen requirement. Biological and chemical phosphorus removal, Sedimentation of activated sludge. Advanced activated sludge process-Sequencing Batch reactor, Oxidation ditch and membrane bioreactors.
Unit V
Biofilm process: Trickling filter, bio tower, rotational biological contactor, integrated activated sludge and biofilm processes. Stabilization ponds and aerated lagoons: Types and their description, design, operation and maintenance. Anaerobic processes: Process description, process design, operation and maintenance, sludge digestion. Sludge treatment thickening, dewatering-mechanical and sludge drying beds. Utilization of waste water in agriculture and other sectors.
Course No.: SWCE 606
Course Title: Hydro-Chemical Modeling
Credit hours: 2+0
Semester: I
Theory:
Unit I
Review of hydrodynamics in flow through porous media. Miscible displacement, physical processes.
Unit II
Breakthrough curves and mathematical models for miscible displacement. Hydrodynamic dispersion convection equations and its solutions.
Unit III
Statistical models for dispersion. Gaseous (CO2 and O2) diffusion equation.
Unit IV
Heat flow through soil by conduction. Concept of adsorption in solute transport.
Unit V
Analytical and numerical models of contaminant transport in unsaturated soil profile and groundwater aquifers.
Course No.: SWCE 601
Course Title: Advances in Hydrology
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Hydrologic models, processes and systems. Uncertainty in hydrological events. Statistical homogeneity.
Unit II
Probabilistic concept. Frequency analysis. Probability distribution of hydrological variables. Confidence intervals and hypothesis testing.
Unit III
Simple and multiple linear regressions, correlation, statistical optimization and reliability of linear regression models. Analysis of hydrologic time series and modeling. Auto–correlation, correlogram and cross-correlation analysis.
Unit IV
Markov processes, stochastic hydrologic models including Markov chain models. Generation of random variates. Hydrology of climate extremes. Area-duration-frequency curves. Regional flood frequency analysis.
Unit V
Formulation of various steps involved in formulation of statistical models and their application in hydrology.
Practical:
Parametric and non-parametric test of time series data. Development of probabilistic and deterministic models for time series data of rainfall and runoff. Development of hydrologic models and frequency analysis for specified data set using SPSS and other software used in hydrologic modeling.
Course No.: SWCE 602
Course Title: Soil and Water Systems Simulation and Modeling
Credit hours: 2+1
Semester: II
Theory:
Unit I
Models and their classification, simulation procedure. Rainfall-runoff models. Infiltration models, evapo-transpiration models, structure of a water balance model.
Unit II
Overland and channel flow simulation. Modeling approaches and parameters. Stream flow statistics. Surface water storage requirements.
Unit III
Flood control storage capacity and total reservoir capacity. Surface water allocations. Palaeo channels. Ground water models.
Unit IV
Design of nodal network. General systems frame work. Description of the model. Irregular boundaries. Decision support system using simulation models. Monte-Carlo approach to water management.
Unit V
Stanford watershed model and input data requirements of various hydrologic modeling systems. Soil water assessment tool (SWAT). Groundwater modeling and solute transport.
Practical:
Rainfall – runoff models. Infiltration models. Stanford watershed model (SWM). Channel flow simulation problems. Stream flow statistics. Model parameters and input data requirements of various software’s of surface hydrology and groundwater. Hydrologic modeling system. Soil water management model. Soil water assessment tool (SWAT). Catchment’s simulation hydrology model. Stream flow model and use of dimensionless unit hydrograph. Generalized groundwater models.
SWCE 691 Seminar-I
SWCE 692 Seminar-II
SWCE 699 Ph.D. Research
